Discovery of the DNA

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Joachim Hammerling (1930s)

A Danish-German Biologist Used a unicellular green alga Acetabularia

Study the chance for the survival of the parts of the Acetabularia He used 2 species of Acetabularia, the crenulata and mediterranea.

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Reason for using Acetabularia:

Acetabularia has 3 distinguishable part: Cap Stalk Foot (base) It has a great ability to regenerate

1. 2. 3.

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1st experiment of Hammerling

He cut off the cap of the acetabularia

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2nd experiment of Hammerling

No regeneration
Regeneration Occur No regeneration

On next experiment he cut and divided the parts of Acetabularia

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Last experiment of Hammerling

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Conclusion
He determined the location of the nucleus in the Acetabularia which is in the foot

That the nucleus is the storehouse for the genetic material of an organism

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Robert Briggs and Thomas king (1952)

They

produced the first frog animal cloned which is the northern leopard frog. transfer

Nuclear

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Adult Female Frog

Blastula By microinjection the nucleus Unfertilized Egg cell remove will be remove By microinjection the nucleus Enucleated egg will formed will be remove from blastula as a result The nucleus from blastula will be microinject on the As a result is a cloned enucleated egg tadpole Now fertilized egg is It willa undergo series of formed embryonic development
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Embryological Development of Frog

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Conclusion
There is a genetic control in the development of an organism

Briggs

King

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Frederick Griffith (1920s)

British Bacteriologist
He is actually dealing with the vaccine that could fight pneumonia

He used Diplococcus pneumoniae 2 strain of bacteria : R-strain and S-strain

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The difference between R-strain and S-strain Bacteria

R-strain
Dont have polysaccharide capsule

S-strain

have polysaccharide capsule

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Non-virulent
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Injecting R-Strain and S-strain Bacteria to a healthy mouse

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Injecting heat killed S-strain Bacteria to a healthy mouse and mixed heat killed S-strain bacteria and R-strain to another mouse

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Result:

It led to a discovery of a process called Transformation Transformation - is the process wherein one strain of bacteria is permanently change by taking in the genes of other bacteria

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Oswald Avery (1940s)

American Bacteriologist
His goal was to determined what molecule was used during transformation In his experiment, he used a process of elimination or subjecting different enzymes.
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Conclusion

DNA is the transforming substance involve during transformation DNA must be the hereditary material

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Heinz Fraenkel Conrat (1940s)

An American Bacteriologist He used 2 viruses:

TMV Tobacco Mosaic Virus HRV Holmes Ribgrass Virus

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The effects of TMV and HRV on Tobacco Plant

TMV (Tobacco Mosaic Virus)

HRV (Holmes Ribgrass Virus)

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Conclusion

Thus the RNA contains the information necessary to specify the production of the virus and not the protein.

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Friedrich Miescher (1869)

Swiss Physician and Biologist An excellent student despite his shyness and hearing handicap Base his career on medical research

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He worked at HoppeSeylers Laboratory 1st lab that focus on tissue chemistry The aim of the lab at that time is to isolate molecules that makes up the cell

The Hoppe-Seylers Laboratory

Friedrich Miescher was given a task of researching the composition of WBC

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Miescher collected the dressings of wounded soldier in the clinic

Scraped the puss off

From the WBC, he isolated the nuclei from cytoplasm and from the nuclei he extracted the unusual substance that contain: Phosphorus, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Then he called it Nuclein

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Phoebus Aaron Levene

American Biochemist

Point head at Rockefeller institute of medical research

Wrote many articles and researcher on may chemical structure of different biomolecules.
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He discovered extremely the important components of DNA

1909 He discovered ribose 1929 - He discovered the deoxyribose

He found that they were linked in a structure called nucleotides. He discovered also the phosphate backbone of the DNA

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The chemical structure of ribose and deoxyribose

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Tetranucleotide Theory

An incorrect theory stated that DNA was made up of equal amount of a four bases.
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Rosalind Franklin (1951)

An English biophysicist and an X-ray crystallographer The Dark Lady of the DNA Her life was surrounded by issues and intrigues.

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Photo 51

She photographed the DNA using x-ray diffraction.

It confirmed that DNA was a double helix and not triple helix. Her work gave idea to Watson and Cricks on their 3D model of DNA
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Watson and Crick (1953)

They determined the structure of DNA by making a 3-D double helix model of DNA.

They used stick and balls, cardboard and wires.

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Evidences they used in building the model:

1.

DNA molecule has sugar, nitrogenous bases and phosphate group. Chargaffs rule says that in any organisms the amount of A=T and C=G Rosalind Franklin, X-ray picture of DNA calculated that DNA was a helical structure.

1.

1.

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1st attempt of Watson & Cricks in building the DNA model;

They

use the like principle A=A, T=T, C=C, G=G

Wide Narrow
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