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By
Y. k. Pandharipande.
80 90% of Over-head Line faults are transient faults. Hence restoration of line can be quickly done by Autoreclosing C.B. after allowing sufficient de-ionisation time, following tripping. In case of EHV lines, Auto-reclosing enhances system stability and maintain synchronism. Auto-reclosing is not applied to cable feeders or mixed cable plus over-head feeders where faults are likely to be permanent.
If Angle 2 at which C.B. Recloses is such that Area 2 is greater than Area 1, synchronism between the two systems is maintained.
LEGEND: D.T. - Dead Timer, R.T. - Reclaim Timer I/L Inter-lock (Permissive), L/O - Lock-out
Depends upon permissible system disturbance time upto which system stability can be maintained, based on Power Angle Curve. 3 Phase tripping may cause loss of synchronism requiring rapid reclosure.
2. C.B. CHARACTERISTIC
C.B. Duty Cycle C.B. Trip Time Mechanism Reset Time C.B. Closing Time
TYPICAL MINIMUM DE-IONISATION TIME 66 KV - 0.10 S. 132 KV 0.17 S. 220 KV 0.28 S 400 KV 0.50 S. (REF. P.R.A.G. of Areva)
Time following successful auto-reclosing (measured from the instant A/R contact makes), which should elapse, before subsequent A/R sequence is initiated in the event of recurrence of fault.
INFLUENCING FACTORS
1. DUTY CYCLE OF BREAKER Typical Duty Cycle = O C O 3 Minutes C O C
Governed by spring charging time in case of motor wound spring charge breakers.
NUMBER OF SHOTS High speed A/R on EHV Line is usually Single Shot. Multi-shot Reclosure is not attempted on EHV Lines due to:
1. C.B. / System limitations 2. Low Probability of Semi-permanent faults. MODE OF RECLOSURE (3-PHASE or 1-PHASE)
Normally applied for 3 Phase Gang Operated Breakers. Loss of Synchronism likely, requiring synchro-check before reclosure. Dead time can be low due to comparatively shorter de-ionisation time.
Feasible if C.B. has separate closing and tripping mechanism and Closing / Tripping Coils for each phase. No Loss of Synchronism (Synchronising power can be exchanged through healthy phases). Longer de-ionising time requiring long dead time (effect of healthy phase coupling) Mal-operation of E/F relay on healthy circuit likely in case of double circuit lines, in multiple neutral earthed systems. Pole Discripancy time should be set to over-ride dead time.
EndAhavingDLCfeaturechecksforDeadLine/LiveBus Condition, through U/V Relays 27L / 27B & close CB 52A. Synchronism is checked between I/C Line and Bus voltage at end B, before reclosing CB 52B. DLC Feature applied at line end having weak source.
Protection initiating A/R should be High Speed (such as Distance Zone1 / Aided trip, Pilot Wire Differential etc)
Simultaneous tripping at both ends is an essential pre-requisite to apply High Speed Reclosure. This requires Distance relays to be inter-locked through tele-protection channel to ensure simultaneous tripping for end section faults.
In case of 1-Phase Tripping & Reclosure, protection needs to be Phase Selective. If not, separate Phase Selectors (Over Current or Impedance type) have to be provided.
CB Inter-locks (such as Air pressure, Spring Charge Limit Switch etc) not permissive. Fault recurring during Reclaim Time. CB Switched On To Fault (Manual Closing) Tele-protection channel out of Service. Synchronism not regained indefinitely in case of 3 Phase trip & Reclosure. Auto-reclose Out of Service (Non-Auto Mode)