Zigbee Based Advanced Controlling System BY V.VINEELA 11AJ1D6817.

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a generalpurpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded systems contain processing cores that are either microcontrollers or digital signal processors (DSP) A processor is an important unit in the embedded system hardware. It is the heart of the embedded system.[5]

Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems. New airplanes contain advanced avionics such as inertial guidance systems and GPS receivers that also have considerable safety requirements. Various electric motors brushless DC motors, induction motors and DC motors use electric/electronic motor controllers. Automobiles, electric vehicles, and hybrid vehicles increasingly use embedded systems to maximize efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems include anti-lock braking system (ABS),Electronic Stability Control (ESC/ESP), traction control (TCS) and automatic four-wheel drive. A new class of miniature wireless devices called motes are quickly gaining popularity as the field of wireless sensor networking rises. Wireless sensor networking, WSN, makes use of miniaturization made possible by advanced IC design to couple full wireless subsystems to sophisticated sensors, enabling people and companies to measure a myriad of things in the physical world and act on this information through IT monitoring and control systems. These motes are completely self contained, and will typically run off a battery source for many years before the batteries need to be changed or charged. Embedded Wi-Fi modules provide a simple means of wirelessly enabling any device which communicates via a serial port.

Some systems provide user interface remotely with the help of a serial (e.g. RS-232, USB, IC, etc.) or network (e.g. Ethernet) connection. This approach gives several advantages: extends the capabilities of embedded system, avoids the cost of a display, simplifies BSP, allows us to build rich user interface on the PC. A good example of this is the combination of an embedded web server running on an embedded device (such as an IP camera) or a network routers. The user interface is displayed in a web browser on a PC connected to the device, therefore needing no bespoke software to be installed.

Embedded processors can be broken into two broad categories. Ordinary microprocessors (P) use separate integrated circuits for memory and peripherals. Microcontrollers (C) have many more peripherals on chip, reducing power consumption, size and cost. In contrast to the personal computer market, many different basic CPU architectures are used, since software is custom-developed for an application and is not a commodity product installed by the end user. Both Von Neumann as well as various degrees of Harvard architectures are used. RISC as well as non-RISC processors are found. Word lengths vary from 4-bit to 64-bits and beyond, although the most typical remain 8/16-bit. Most architectures come in a large number of different variants and shapes, many of which are also manufactured by several different companies.

ZigBee is a specification for a suite of high level communication protocols used to create personal area networks built from small, low-power digital radios ZigBee is based on an IEEE 802 standard. Though lowpowered, ZigBee devices often transmit data over longer distances by passing data through intermediate devices to reach more distant ones, creating a mesh network; i.e., a network with no centralized control or high-power transmitter/receiver able to reach all of the networked devices The decentralized nature of such wireless ad-hoc networks make them suitable for applications where a central node can't be relied upon.

Mesh networking provides high reliability and more extensive range. ZigBee chip vendors typically sell integrated radios and microcontrollers with between 60 KB and

256 KB flash memory

ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. Data transmission rates vary from 20 kilobits/second in the 868 MHz frequency band to 250 kilobits/second in the 2.4 GHz frequency band.
The ZigBee network layer natively supports both star and tree typical networks, and generic mesh networks. Every network must have one coordinator device, tasked with its creation, the control of its parameters and basic maintenance. Within star networks, the coordinator must be the central node. Both trees and meshes allows the use of ZigBee routers to extend communication at the network level. ZigBee builds upon the physical layer and media access control defined in IEEE standard 802.15.4 (2003 version) for low-rate WPANs. The specification goes on to complete the standard by adding four main components: network layer, application layer, ZigBee device objects (ZDOs) and manufacturer-defined application objects which allow for customization and favor total integration.

As depicted an advanced controlling system using zigbee is implemented for controlling labs PCs and other equipment like lights, fans air conditioners etc The proposed system consists of Atmega162 transmitter, receiver, Zigbee module,GSM module,ATmega 32 server and other devices

 High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller Advanced RISC Architecture 131 Powerful Instructions Most Singleclock Cycle Execution 32 8 General Purpose Working Registers Fully Static Operation Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16MHz On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

High-performance, Low-power AVR 8-bit Microcontroller Advanced RISC Architecture 131 Powerful Instructions Most Single-clock Cycle Execution 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers Fully Static Operation Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments 16K Bytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory 512 Bytes EEPROM 1K Bytes Internal SRAM Write/Erase cycles: 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM Data retention: 20 years at 85C/100 years at 25C(1) Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program True Read-While-Write Operation Up to 64K Bytes Optional External Memory Space Programming Lock for Software Security

The objective of this paper is to enlighten the application of Embedded systems and it presents novel, low cost and flexible controlling system .The architecture is designed to reduced systems complexity and lowercost.This architecture also reduces amount of physical wiring. Hence the system endeavors not to incorporate complex and expensive components. The system is scalable and flexible so one can add other additional devices with minimum efforts. The system allows owner to control connected devices in the lab.