Chapter 16

Networking Fundamentals and the Internet

You Will Learn

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About the typical hardware components of a network How several popular network architectures manage data traffic How data is transmitted over several interconnected networks How communications layers and their protocols are used on a network
continued

You Will Learn

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About many of the popular applications used on a network How to connect to a network using a modem and a phone line About the Internet and how to support PCs connected to the Internet

An Overview of Networking
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A means of connecting computers together so they can share data (files and programs) and resources (printers and modems) Network hardware and network software Terminology
Node Packet or frame Header Trailer

The OSI Layer Network Model

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A seven-layer model of communications supported by a network; layers are responsible for:

Disassembling data into segments to be assigned to separate packets Later reassembling packets into contiguous data Passing packets to and receiving packets from the network media or cabling

Refers to software and firmware only

Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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Application layer
Interfaces with the user or application using the network

Presentation layer
Compresses and decompresses data and interfaces with the application layer and the session layer

Session layer
Makes and manages a connection between two nodes of the network
continued

Seven Layers of the OSI Model

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Transport layer
Verifies data and requests a resend when the data is corrupted

Network layer
Routs packets

Data-link layer
Disassembles packets and reassembles data into packets

Physical layer
Interfaces with the network media (cabling)

Data Frames
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Network Architectures
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Most popular physical network architectures

Ethernet Token Ring Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)

Relatively new type of network

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
Very fast Works well over both short and long distances

Networks
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Basic differentiating characteristics

How computers are logically connected How traffic is controlled

Network types
LAN WAN Internetwork

Ethernet
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Most popular network topology Configured as either a bus or a star A passive network (the computers, not dedicated network devices, drive the signals over the network) Contention-based system (each computer contends for the opportunity to transmit on the network)

Ethernet
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Ethernet
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Uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

Carrier sense
Computer must sense that network is free to handle its transmission before initiating a signal

Multiple access
Many computers use the same network

Collision detection
Each computer must detect and manage collisions

Ethernet Cabling Systems

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Can use any one of six cabling systems Two most popular
10BaseT 10Base2 (Thinnet)

10BaseT Networks
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Thinnet Networks
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Token Ring
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Physical star but a logical ring

Stations are connected to a centralized multistation access unit (MAU) in a star formation

Compared with Ethernet:

More robust and reliable More complex and expensive More difficult to maintain

Can use UTP or STP cables that have 2 twisted pairs for a total of 4 wires in the cable

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Connecting Components on a Token Ring

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Communication on a Token Ring

Controlled by a token
A small frame that constantly travels around the ring in only one direction When a station seizes the token, it controls the channel until its message is sent

FDDI
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Does not require a centralized hub, making it both a logical and physical ring Often used as a backbone network (links several networks together) Often uses fiber-optic cabling

FDDI
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FDDI
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Summary of Network Architecture

Networking Hardware
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Some common components

Network interface card (NIC)
Provides a PC with direct connection to network

Hubs
Provide centralized location for nodes to connect on a star network

Bridges, routers, and gateways

Connect one network to another

Network Interface Card (NIC)

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A network adapter board that plugs into a computers system board and provides a port on the back of the card to connect a PC to a network Requires an IRQ, an I/O address, and, for DOS and Windows 9x real mode, upper memory addresses

Network Card Communication

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Combo Card
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Considerations when Selecting a Network Card

Type of network you are attaching to (e.g., Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, or a proprietary network standard) Type of media you are using (e.g., shielded twisted-pair, coaxial, or fiberoptic cable) Type of I/O bus you are attaching the card to (e.g., PCI or ISA)

Bridges, Routers, and Gateways

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Devices used to connect networks and network segments to each other Main reasons for internetworking
Extend geographical area past what a single LAN can support Decrease traffic on a single LAN by dividing the LAN into more than one network

Bridges, Routers, and Gateways

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Bridge
Hardware device, coupled with software at the data-link layer, used to connect similar networks and network segments

Router
Transfers a packet to other networks only when the packet is addressed to a station outside its network

Gateway
Device or process that connects networks with different protocols

Networking Software Overview

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Each layer in the OSI model uses a different protocol

Firmware on network cards controls the two lowest layers (physical and data-link) OS managing the network controls most layers
Best known: UNIX, NetWare by Novell, and Microsoft Windows NT

Third-party add-on software can provide top layers

Examples: Netscape Communicator, Chameleon by NetManage, and Eudora by QUALCOMM

Networking Software Overview

Network Protocol
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Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)

A common way PCs with modems can connect to an internet

TCP/IP
Supports the internet

IPX/SPX protocol
Used by Novell NetWare for LANs

Network Protocol
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NetBEUI protocol
Proprietary Microsoft networking protocol used only by Windows-based systems, and limited to LANs because it does not support routing

Protocols to communicate with their counterpart services on the receiving node of the network
Examples: SMTP, HTTP, FTP

Network Services
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Web browsers Chat rooms E-mail FTP Telnet Print services Network drive

Two Network Configurations

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Peer-to-peer network
Users at each workstation can use shared printers and files on each others computers Services are often limited to FTP, print services, and network drives

Dedicated-server network
Has at least one computer, or server, on the network that serves the other computers on the network

Peer-to-Peer Network
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Dedicated-Server Network
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Networking with Windows 9x and Windows NT Workstation

Methods of connecting to network
Network card (Ethernet, Token Ring, or other design) Direct cable connect (serial or parallel port) Dial-up networking (modem and phone lines)

Installing a network card Supporting PCs on a network

Dial-Up Networking (DUN)

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Allows a PC to remotely connect to a network through a phone line Uses PPP to send packets of data over phone lines

How DUN Works

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Creating a Dial-Up Connection

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Creating a Dial-Up Connection

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Creating a Dial-Up Connection

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Creating a Dial-Up Connection

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Dial-Up Adapter
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Direct Cable Connection

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Installing Network Adapters Using Windows 9x and Windows NT

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Installing an NIC under Windows NT Installing an NIC under Windows 9x Using resources on a network

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Installing an NIC under Windows NT

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Installing an NIC under Windows NT

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Installing an NIC under Windows 9x

Using Resources on a Network

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Using Resources on a Network

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Using Resources on a Network

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Servicing PCs on a Network

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Verify that the PC is network-ready Log off the network Save network files and parameters to disk Disconnect network cable and repair the PC Restore network configurations Reconnect PC to the network Verify that network resources are available to the PC

Saving Network Files and Parameters to Disk Using DOS or Windows 95

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PCs and the Internet

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Internet
The worldwide collection of over a million hosts that can communicate with each other using TCP/IP A web of interconnecting, yet independent, networks

How the Internet Works

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Connecting to the Internet

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Most people use an Internet service provider (ISP)

Provides access to the Internet for a monthly fee Provides online services

IP Addresses
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Internet Protocol (IP) address

A 32-bit dotted-decimal address consisting of four numbers separated by periods Used to uniquely identify a device on a network that uses TCP/IP protocols

Divided into three classes based on number of possible IP addresses in each network within each class

Classes of IP Addresses
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Reserved IP Addresses
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Static and Dynamic IP Addresses

Static IP address
Permanently assigned to a workstation

Dynamic IP address
An assigned IP address used for current session only When session is terminated, IP address is returned to the list of available addresses

Domain Names
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Unique, text-based name that identifies an Internet address Typical endings in the United States: .edu, .gov, .com, .org, .net Also include a country code

Domain Name Resolution

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Services that track relationships between domain names and IP addresses

Domain Name System or Domain Name Service (DNS) Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS)

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The Internet, Networks, and Subnets

The many different protocols that make up the TCP/IP protocol suite How TCP/IP uses the IP address system

Routing Using TCP/IP

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TCP/IP uses routers to transfer packets of data (datagrams) from network to network in such a way that the overall transmission makes all these networks appear to be one large network Each protocol of the CCP/IP suite performs a single task

The Suite of TCP/IP Protocols

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IP Addresses and Physical Addresses

How TCP/IP Routing Works

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Default Gateways and Network Masks

Subnets and Subnet Masks

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Subnet
Division of a large network, consisting of smaller separate networks, each assigned a logical network IP name

Subnet mask
Defines which portion of the host address within an IP address is being borrowed to define separate subnets within a network

Classless Addresses
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Class C network addresses that a service provider owns and then subleases to small companies

Classless Addresses
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Routing Packets over Networks

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Static routing
Routing tables dont automatically change and must be manually edited

Dynamic routing
Routing tables are automatically updated as new information about routes becomes known and is shared by one router with another

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Configuring TCP/IP with Windows 9x

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Configuring TCP/IP with Windows 9x

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Configuring TCP/IP with Windows 9x

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Configuring TCP/IP with Windows NT

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Configuring TCP/IP with Windows NT

Establishing Dial-up Connection to the Internet Using Windows 9x

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Install and configure the modem Configure Dial-Up Adapter Configure Dial-Up Networking Install applications software to use the Internet

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Configuring Dial-Up Networking

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Configuring Dial-Up Networking

Examples of Network Services

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Most function at top three layers of the OSI model -- application, presentation, and session layers Must be a program running on both nodes of the network for the service to work

Upper-Level Protocols
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Used by the World Wide Web

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Used to transfer files

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Used to transfer e-mail

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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

World Wide Web Browsers

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Provide interface between Web sites and PCs Access a server by either its IP address or its domain name Use HTTP to request and pass documents on the Web Terminology
Hypertext HTML

File Transfer
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File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Used to transfer files between two computers using same or different OS

Can be initiated at a command prompt or using an ISP

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File Transfer from a Command Prompt

File Transfer Using an ISP

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File Transfer Using an ISP

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Network Drive Map

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One of most powerful and versatile methods of communicating over a network Uses network file service (NFS) software to make one PC appear to have a new hard drive Files and folders on host computer are available even to network-unaware DOS applications

Preparing a Windows NT Host Computer for a Network Drive Map

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Preparing a Windows NT Host Computer for a Network Drive Map

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Preparing a Windows NT Host Computer for a Network Drive Map

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Mapping the Network Drive from a Remote to a Host Computer

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Mapping the Network Drive from a Remote to a Host Computer

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Mapping the Network Drive from a Remote to a Host Computer

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Network Troubleshooting Guidelines

Windows 9x dial-up problems (modem problems)
Cannot make a connection You can connect, but you get the message Unable to resolve hostname After connecting, you get the error message Unable to establish a compatible set of network protocols

Problems with TCP/IP

Problems with TCP/IP configuration or suspected network problems (packet Internet groper or PING)

Chapter Summary
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Fundamentals of the hardware and software that make up networks How to support a PC that interfaces with the Internet