World Per Capital Energy

80000000 70000000 60000000 50000000 40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 1980

Btu

1985

1990 Year

1995

2000

2005

Annual U. S. Per Capita Energy Use

400000000 350000000 300000000 250000000 200000000 150000000 100000000 50000000 0 1950

btu

1960

1970

1980 Year

1990

2000

2010

World Per Capital Energy

80000000 70000000 60000000 50000000 40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 1980

Btu

1985

1990 Year

1995

2000

2005

Natural Gas and other Fossil Fuels

Natural Gas
History of Use Formation Production Reserves

History
Chinafirst recorded use, piped through bamboo Europe-gas lights used in Belgium and England (this gas was distilled from coal, wood, and peat) William Murdoch: Scottish Engineer
Put coal gas lights in cotton mills

History contd
1821, Fredonia New York William Hart drilled a well 27 deep and piped the gas to a local innwhere it lit 66 lights Natural gas also found at Titusville in 1859 1872: long-distance pipelines made 1879: Thomas Edison

Modern Use of Natural Gas

Seamless pipes available in 1920s but it wasnt until after World War II that it became really important for heating Why is it a good fuel?
No refining Burns cleanly More heat/unit weight than any other fossil fuel

Natural Gas
History of Use Formation Production Reserves

Formation
Formed in the same manor as petroleum
Thermogenic-->4km and >150C

Formed during the petrogenesis of coal

Natural Gas
History of Use Formation Production Reserves

Production
Similar to oil but easier to release because it is much less viscous

Composition of Natural Gas

Mostly methane CH4 Some ethane C2H6 Propane C 3H 8 Butane C4H10 Hydrogen H2 Some Nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide

Production
Impurities removed Coal scent added Then piped
> 1.8 million km of high pressure pipe in U.S.

Middle East, Africa, South America

LNG at -162C

Production-past and projected

Natural Gas Production
200 150

Quad

100 50 0 1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

Report #:DOE/EIA-0484(2006) Release Date: June 2006

In Billion cubic feet

World dry Natural gas consumption
Billion cubic feet
120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Trillion Cubic Feet

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 500 0

North America

Central & South

Europe

Reserves

Natural Gas Reserves Oil and Gas Journal 1/1/2007

Eurasia

Middle East

Africa

Asia & Oceania

Natural Gas
History of Use Formation Production Reserves

Reserves-countries with > 200 trillion cubic feet

U.S.A. 204 Russia 1688 Iran 974 Qatar 910 Saudi Arabia 244 United Arab Emigrates 214
These countries account for 67% of the worlds reserves

Reserveshow long will they last?

At the current rate?
100 trillion cubic feet per yearabout 62 years

At projected rates?
About 150 trillion cubic feet per yearabout 41 years

Heavy Oils and Tar Sands

Definition Formation Pilot Plants

Heavy Oils and Tar Sands

Characterized by being
A. Dark in colour B. So viscous that they dont respond to either primary or secondary recovery techniques High in sulphur, Ni, V Rich in asphaltines

Heavy Oils and Tar Sands

Example Bitumenblack viscous to semisolid HC material found when oil has lost its light weight volatile components

Heavy Oils and Tar Sands

Definition Formation Pilot Plants

Formation of Heavy Oil/Tar sand

1. oxidation and loss of lightweight fractions 2. Thermal maturation 3. Biodegration

Heavy Oils and Tar Sands

Definition Formation Pilot plants no more

Athabasca Tar (Oil) Sands

 In 2003, Albertas reserves estimates of remaining established reserves are 174.5 billion barrels (Gb), comparable with the oil reserves of Saudi Arabia. In 2001, Albertas production of raw bitumen and synthetic crude oil (SCO) exceeded that for conventional crude oil, accounting for 53% of Albertas oil production. This trend is expected to increase to about 80% of Albertas oil production by 2013.

http://www.ags.gov.ab.ca/activities/CBM/alberta_oil_sands2.htm l

Countries with large tar sand deposits

Canada Venezuela Middle East

Extracting oil from tar sands

http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index. cfm

Oil Shale
Definition Formation Fuels of the future Mining techniques

Definition
Fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing waxy insoluble hydrocarbons called kerogen Can be converted to oil at temperatures in excess of 500C

Oil Shale
Definition Formation Fuels of the future Mining techniques

Formation
Deposited with fine-grained sediments (mud) that are rich in organic material. Anoxic environment. The lighter fraction is lost with temperatures in excess of 150. Organic material is heavy 5 to 25% is recoverable organic material Rich oil shales burn like coal

Oil shale from AAPG

http://emd.aapg.org/technical_areas/oil_shale.cfm

Oil Shale
Definition Formation Fuels of the future Mining techniques

Reserves
http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/global/downloads/ser04/SER_Shale_04.pdf

World Oil Shale Reserve

3000 2500

billion barrel

2000 1500 1000 500 0 Africa North South America America Asia Europe Middle East Oceania

Oil Shale

Oil Shale
Definition Formation Fuels of the future Mining techniques

Mining techniques
Revert to notes

Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel

1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon content Heat Content Efficiency in Producing Electricity Environmental Concerns

Carbon Content
Oil contains 17% less C/unit energy than coal Natural gas contains 43% less C/unit energy than coal Natural gas contains 31% less C/unit energy than oil Gas<Oil<Coal

Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel

1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon content Heat Content Efficiency in Producing Electricity Environmental Concerns

Heat content
Unit Coal Short ton Heat (106 Btu) 21.266

Anthracite
Natural Gas Gasoline

Short ton
1000 ft3 gallon

22.244
1.029 0.125071

Heating Oil
Electricity Wood

Gallon
Kwh Cord

6.49
0.003412 21.5

Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel

1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon content Heat Content Efficiency in Producing Electricity Environmental Concerns

Efficiency in Producing Electricity

From Coal From Oil From Natural Gas 28% 35% 40%

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html

US existing power plants

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p2.html

Electric Power USA 2005

Comparison of Major Types of Fossil Fuel

1. 2. 3. 4. Carbon content Heat Content Efficiency in Producing Electricity Environmental Concerns

US CO2 emissions
2000.0
Million Metric ton

1500.0 1000.0 500.0 0.0 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

2005 CO2 Emissions USA

million metric ton of carbon

600.0 500.0 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 Residential Commercial Industrial Transportation