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Noise is the UNDESIRABLE portion of an electrical signal that interferes with the intelligence
The decibel (abbreviated dB) is the unit used to measure the intensity of a sound.! The smallest audible sound (near total silence) is 0 dB. A sound 10 times more powerful is 10 dB. A sound 1,000 times more powerful than near total silence is 30 dB. Here are some common sounds and their decibel ratings: Normal conversation - 60 dB A rock concert - 120 dB It takes approximate 4 hours of exposure to a 120-dB sound to cause damage to your ears, however 140-dB sound can result in an immediate damage
Instructor: Sam Nanavaty
Relative power gain of a device can be expressed as Ap = Po/Pi (Power levels are expressed in Watts)
Relative power gain of a device in decibels is Ap(dB) = 10 Log Ap = 10 Log Po/Pi Alternatively, the above equations can be represented as Ap(dB) = 10 Log (Vo2/Ro)/(Vi2/Ri) If (Ro = Ri) Av(dB) = 10 Log (Vo/Vi)2 = 20 Log (Vo/Vi) = 20 Log Av Po and Pi can be substituted with Pfin and Pinit as in Instructor: Sam Nanavaty Final and initial values of power source
a) If Vi increases from 2 to 5 mV, how many dB has the signal increased? Av(dB) = 20 Log (Vfin/Vinit) = 20 Log (5/2) = 20 Log 2.5 = 7.95 dB b) If Vi drops from 2 to 1 mV, how many dB has the signal dropped? Av(dB) = 20 Log (Vfin/Vinit) = 20 Log (1/2) = 20 Log .5 = -6 dB
The absolute power gain is defined as A unit of gain or loss expressed as an absolute value based on 1 mW of standard reference Ap(dBm) = 10 Log (P/ 1 mW) This represents an absolute Power gain based on a standard input level of 1 mW in to 50 , 600 or 900 depending on the impedance of the Transmission media. P represents Power level which can then be computed as follows:
P = 1 mW (10 (Ap(dBm)/10))
In terms of voltage, the above equation can then be represented as (Vrms2/R) = 1 mW (10 (Ap(dBm)/10))
Vrms =
1) If Signal level of 30 MHz test tone measures -30dBm on a spectrum analyzer, Compute the power level P of signal. P = 1mW x 10 Ap(dBm)/10 = 1 mW x 10 -30dBm/10 = 1 mW x 10 -3 = 1 uW
2) An rf sinewave generator with o/p impedance of 50 is connected to 50 Load using a 50 coaxial cable. The generators output amplitude level is set to -12 dBm. An rms voltmeter is used to measure the effective voltage and an oscilloscope is used to display the sine wave. Compute the following: a) rms voltage measured by rms voltmeter b) Peak voltage Vp of sine wave that should be displayed on the oscilloscope c) Peak-to-peak voltage of sinewave that should be displayed on the oscilloscope
a) Vrms = 1mW x 10 Ap(dBm) x 50 = 56.17 mV b) Vp = Vrms/.707 = 79.45 mV c) Vp-p = 2x Vp = 158.9 mV
Signal to Noise ratio: It is a ratio of signal power to Noise power at some point in a Telecom system expressed in decibels (dB) It is typically measured at the receiving end of the communications system BEFORE the detection of signal.
SNR = 10 Log (Signal power/ Noise power) dB SNR = 10 Log (Vs/VN)2 = 20 Log (Vs/VN)
1) The noise power at the output of receivers IF stage is measured at 45 W. With receiver tuned to test signal, output power increases to 3.58 mW. Compute the SNR
SNR = 20 Log (Vs/Vn) = 20 Log ((.707 x Vp-p/2)/Vn) = 20 Log (1.06V/640 mV) = 4.39 dB
An input signal of repeater is made of 150 W of input power and 1.2 W of Noise power. The repeater contributes an additional 48 W of noise and has a power gain of 20 dB. Compute a) Input SNR : 10 Log (150 W/ 1.2 W) = 125 = 20.97 dB b) Power gain of 20 dB means Ap = 100 (why?) c) So = Si x Ap = 150x100 = 15mW d) Output noise = No = Ni x Ap + Nr = 1.2 W x 100 + 48 W = 168 W e) So/No = 15 mW/168 W = 89.3 10 Log 89.3 = 19.5 dB f) Noise factor = 10 log ((Si/Ni) / (So/No)) = 10 log (125/89.3) = 10 log 1.4 Noise factor = 1.46 dB
Instructor: Sam Nanavaty
Bit Error Rate: Number of bits that are Corrupted or destroyed during transmission
E.g., BER of 10-5 indicates that 1 bit out of every 100000 is destroyed during transmission.
The factors governing BER are: B/W, SNR, transmission media, Environment surrounding The media, Transmission distance and the transmitter and Receiver performance
Noise Types
Atmospheric and Extraterrestrial noise Gaussian Noise Crosstalk Impulse Noise
Gaussian Noise: The cumulative effect of all random noise generated over a period of time (it includes all frequencies). Thermal Noise: generated by random motion of free electrons and molecular vibrations in resistive components. The power associated with thermal noise is proportional to both temperature and bandwidth
Pn = K x T x BW
In = 2qIf
In = Shot noise current in rms q = charge of an electron I = DC current flowing through the device f = system bandwidth (Hz)
Crosstalk: electrical noise or interference caused by inductive and capacitive coupling of signals from adjacent channels In LANs, the crosstalk noise has greater effect on system Performance than any other types of noise Problem remedied by using UTP or STP. By twisting the cable pairs together, the EMF surrounding the wires cancel out each other.
Near end crosstalk: Occurs at transmitting station when strong signals radiating from transmitting pair of wires are coupled in to adjacent weak received signals traveling in opposite direction.
Far end crosstalk: Occurs at the far end receiver as a result of adjacent signals traveling in the same direction.
Impulse Noise: Noise consisting of sudden bursts of irregularly shaped pulses and lasting for a few Microseconds to several hundred milliseconds.
What causes Impulse noise?
a) Electromechanical switching relays at the C.O. b) Electrical motors and appliances, ignition systems c) Lightning