CARDIOVASCULAR

SYSTEM
 is
composed of the heart and blood
vessels
Functions:

 PUMPING ACTION
 Pumps blood to the body and the lungs
 Receives blood from the body and the
lungs
 Influences Blood Pressure
 TRANSPORTATION
 Provide channels through which blood
and lymph travel
 Provide areas (capillaries) where transfer
of gases, nutrients, fluids, electrolytes,
and wastes can occur
HEART

 is a strong,
muscular pump
about the size of a
doubled-up fist.
 It weighs less than
one pound
(approximately
250 to 310 g).
 is shaped like an
irregular and
slightly flattened
LAYERS
 Epicardium
 Myocardium
 Endocardium

 Pericardium
Visceral layer
Parietal layer
Fibrous pericardium
CHAMBERS
 Atria
 Ventricles
VALVES
 Atrioventricular
valves
 Tricuspid Valve
 Bicuspid Valve
(mitral Valve)
 Semilunar Valve
 Pulmonary
Semilunar
 Aortic Semilunar
ROUTE of Blood Flow
Blood Vessels of the
Heart
Right
Coronary
Artery
Left Coronary
Artery
 receive their
blood supply
during
ventricular
relaxation,
when the
valves are
Left Coronary Artery

 Left
Main
Coronary artery
(LMCA)
 Anterior
interventricular
branch/Left
anterior
descending
artery (LAD)
 Left Circumflex
Artery (LCX)
Right Coronary Artery

 Margin branch
 Main branch of
RCA
Posterior
descending artery
Left coronary
dominance
the PDA comes off
the LCX to supply
blood to these areas
Coronary Veins
 Great cardiac
vein
 Middle cardiac
BLOOD VESSELS
 Arteries
 Capillaries
 Veins
Arteries and Arterioles

 ARTERIES
 are elastic and smooth (involuntary)
muscular tubes that carry oxygenated
blood to body cells.
 They are known as “resistance vessels”
that can support high pressures and hold
large volumes of blood.
 ARTERIOLES
 Is the smallest of the arteries
 contain less elastic tissue and more
smooth muscle than arteries.
 Constriction and dilation of the arterioles
regulates blood pressure and flow.
MAJOR ARTERIES

 Branches of the Ascending Aorta

 Left and right coronary arteries
 Branches of the Aortic Arch
 Brachiocephalic Artery (innominate)
Right Subclavian Artery
Right Common Carotid Artery
 Left Common Carotid Artery
 Left Subclavian artery
 Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
 Bronchial Artery
 Esophageal Artery
 Intercostal Artery
 Superior Phrenic Artery
Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
 Left gastric artery
 Splenic artery
 Hepatic artery
 Superior mesenteric artery
 Inferior mesenteric artery
 Phrenic artery
 Suprarenal artery
 Renal artery
 Ovarian/testicular artery
 Lumbar artery
 Common iliac branches into internal iliac
For Pelvic muscles, bladder, rectum, prostate,
reproductive organs
 External iliac branches
Femoral
Popliteal
Tibial
Dorsalis pedis
Capillaries

 smallest vessels
 Blood flow through
the capillaries is
known as microcirculation
Veins and Venules

From the capillaries, the blood starts

back toward the heart through venules,
the smallest veins.
The branches of the veins grow larger
and fewer as they near the heart, until
finally the blood reaches the superior
vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava
(IVC) (plural: cavae).
These two large veins return blood to
the right atrium.
The SVC returns blood from the head,
neck, and arms, and the IVC returns
blood from the lower body.
Venous blood is dark red because the
oxygen has been replaced with carbon
dioxide and other wastes.
MAJOR VEINS

Superficial
Veins
 Cephalic vein
 Basilic vein
 Median cubital
 Saphenous
 Temporal
 Deep veins
 Axillary
 Brachial
 Subclavian
 Radial
 Ulnar
 Femoral
 Popliteal
 Tibial
 iliac
 Jugular vein
 Brachiocephal
ic vein
 Superior Vena
Cava
 Azygos Vein
 Inferior Vena
cava
 Receives blood
from:
Iliac veins
Lumbar veins
Testicular/ovarian
veins
Renal veins
Supra renal veins
Hepatic veins
Cardiac Conduction
Cardiac Cycle

 SYSTOLE
 In less than one second, both atria
contract as both ventricles relax.
 Immediately after this, both ventricles
contract as both atria relax.
 DIASTOLE
 Atrial relaxation, followed by ventricular
relaxation
Heart Sounds

 S1 heart sound
 “lub” sound
 S2 heart sound
 “dub” sound
Abnormal Heart
Sounds
 S3 and s4 heart sound
 Known as “gallop” sounds
 Rub sound
 Murmurs
Pulse

 Is
due to atrial contractions as the
heart pumps.
 Pulse points
Cardiac Output

 is
the amount of blood that the
ventricles pump out in 1 minute.

 Stroke Volume
is the volume of blood ejected with each
heartbeat.

CO= SV x HR
Factors Affecting
Ventricular Resistance
 PRELOAD
 is the amount of pressure or “stretching
force” against the ventricular wall at the
end-diastole.
 AFTERLOAD
 is the amount of pressure or resistance
the ventricles must overcome to empty
their contents
Blood Pressure

 is
the force that blood exerts against
the walls of blood vessels.
 Systolic pressure
is the pressure exerted against the vessel
walls during ventricular systole
 Diastolic pressure
is the pressure exerted during ventricular
diastole
 Pulse pressure
Is the difference between systolic and diastolic
pressure