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contents
Definition: Introduction: Terminologies: Components: Tooth preparation:
Alloys:
Metal ceramic substructure: Metal ceramic bonding: Steps in fabrication: Advancements:
Conclusion:
References:
Definition:
Metal Ceramic Restoration: A tooth or/and implant retained fixed dental prosthesis that uses a metal substructure upon which a ceramic veneer is fused.(GPT-8)
Terminologies:
PFM: porcelain fused to metal PVC: porcelain veneer crown PBM: porcelain bonded to metal Ceramo metal crown
components
Metal substructure Oxide layer Opaque porcelain Dentin veneer Enamel veneer Surface glaze
FACIAL MARGIN 1. DEEP CHAMFER 2. SHOULDER WITH BEVEL 3. SHOULDER 4. RADIAL SHOULDER
Classification of alloys:
Gold-platinum-palladium system:
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Gold-palladium-silver system:
High silver
Low silver
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Gold-palladium system:
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Nickel-chromium alloy:
Beryllium Beryllium free
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Cobalt-chromium alloy:
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Metalceramic substructure
Primary functions:
Marginal fit Chemical bond Rigid foundation Restores tooth emergence profile
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Secondary functions:
Metal articulating surface good for opposing enamel Easily adjusted and polished intraorally Can support components of rpd Can house attachments Less tooth reduction
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opaque porcelain
8-15% metal oxides, 5microns in size. Functions:
Establishes metal to porcelain bond
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Chemical bond
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Oxidation process:
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Methods of fabrication:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Condensing and Sintering, Pressure molding & Sintering, Casting & Ceramming, Slip casting, Sintering & Glass infiltration Milling (Machining) by mechanical and digital systems.
Steps in fabrication:
1. 2. 3. 4. Condensation Sintering Glazing cooling
Condensation:
The process of bringing the particles closer and of removing
FACTORS DETERMING EFFECTIVENESS OF CONDENSATION: 1. Size of the particle 2. Shape of the particle
Round particles produce better packing compared with angular particles Most important factor in condensation is effect of surface tension. As the liquid is withdrawn , surface tension causes powder particles to pack Capillary action
closely together
Vibration method
Restoration All-ceramic
E.g. PJC
Metal ceramic
PFM
Mixing
Dry porcelain powder is mixed with the binder on a glass
slab using bone or nylon spatula (or glass mixing rod) into a thick creamy mix, which can be carried in small increments with an instrument or brush
Binder:
Binder helps to hold the particles together Types of binder used : Distilled water most commonly used, especially for dentin / enamel porcelain, Propylene glycol used in alumina core build-up, Alcohol or formaldehyde based liquids used for opaque core build up, Proprietary modeling fluids
Arnamentarium:
and smoothen the wet porcelain in incremental layers. The smoothing action brings the excess water to the surface where it is removed by blotting.
surface. The excess water moves from mixture to the dry powder by capillary action and wet particles are pulled together.
the wet porcelain. This brings excess water to the surface, and the same brush can be used to remove any coarse surface particles along with the excess water.
Sintering
Is defined as a process of heating closely
packed particles to achieve interparticle bonding and sufficient diffusion to decrease the surface area or increase density of the structure.
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Ceramic Furnaces :
Two basic types of furnaces are: Horizontal Muffle e.g. : Vita-Caccumat S Vertical Muffle e.g.: De Try Biodent Systomat, Unitek Ultra-Mat
Different media can be employed for firing like 1. Air 2. Vacuum 3. Diffusible gas - He, H2 or steam
Glazing - 955 1065C After the mass has been fired, it is cooled very slowly because rapid
stages of maturity.
the surface appearance of un-glazed porcelain is bisque or biscuit since this gives a fairly accurate picture of its surface texture.
STAGES OF MATURITY
Characteristic feature
Low bisque
Medium bisque
High bisque
Firing shrinkage complete & any correction by grinding prior to glazing. Complete Slight/absent High Smooth surface
Grains start to soften & Flow of glass grains coalesce at contact points increase & residual entrapped air becomes sphere shaped Incomplete Highly porous Minimal Porous Considerable Decreased but porous Majority/definite Still porous &matte surface Less opaque & color developed
Opaque
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Characterization:
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Glazing
At the end of high bisque stage, if the porcelain was
held in the furnance for a greater length of time, the surface porcelain would undergo pyroplastic flow, i.e. the matter surface would disappear and a smooth shiny surface would result (SELF-GLAZE) may be used as a glaze over the completed body of the porcelain restoration, and a short period at a relatively low temperature is sufficient to fuse the glaze.
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Cooling
Being poor conductors of heat and brittle in nature,
whenever porcelain restorations are heated or cooled the process must be carried out slowly. firing of porcelain would result in cracking or fracture of glass and loss of strength.
increase the coefficient of thermal contraction of porcelain and its likeliness to crack or craze because of development of tensile stresses.
advancement in the fabrication of metal-ceramic restorations, which permits the fabrication of a metal-ceramic restoration without waxing, investing or casting.
Introduced by Dr. Itzhak Shoher and Aaron Whiteman in Europe, and subsequently in North America after many years of development.
Foil Crown Technology represents a novel approach by which a metal ceramic crown can be produced in a relatively short time without melting and casting the metal.
Steps in fabrication:
Initial adaptation
Cutting the folds at the mid point. Folding pleats in same direction Burnishing the form for closer adaptation and trimming excess
metal
Alloying
Application of interfacial alloy
Method - The pleated foil is swaged with a swaging instrument, burnished with a
hand instrument on the die, and then flame sintered to form, a rigid coping, with moderate strength
An interfacial alloy powder is applied and fired, the form is then trimmed and veneered with porcelain (Condensation process) and finally sintered
Captek system:
formation of an intermediate layer of material such as Capbond metal-ceramic bonder (bonding agent) for the Captek foil crown system. Two strips of highly malleable metal powder impregnated wax are adapted to a refractory die. The first strip contains a gold, platinum and palladium alloy and the second is impregnated with all-gold.
Ceplatec System
reported as the same product as Renaissance, although the 2nd and 4Th layers are composed of Au, Pt, Pf, Ag & Ag, Pt, Ir; respectively. The latter layer is said to prevent warping during the heating procedure
Strength of metal-ceramic crowns was considerably higher than that of foil-based crowns (about 30 to 80% of the metal-ceramic systems).
Conclusion:
Even with the advent of many advancements in ceramics, metal ceramics are in wide use because of its own advantages like minimal tooth reduction, acceptable aesthetics and cost effective long term solution.
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References:
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Philips science of dental materials{10th and 11th edition} Esthetics of anterior fixed prosthodontics: chiche/Pinault Esthetic dentistry: Dale Aschheim Fundamentals of esthetics: Claude R Rufenacht Rosenblum M.A., Schulman A. : A review of All-Ceramic Restorations. JADA, 128: 1997; 297-307. Anusavice K.J. : Recent Developments in Restorative Dental Ceramics. JADA 124: 1993; 72-84. Introduction to metal ceramic technology: naylor