TRANSDUCER

SONALI GOME Asst. Professor Oriental University, Indore

Transducers

Transducer is a device which converts a physical quantity to be measured into an equivalent electrical signal.

Classification of Transducers
The Transducers are broadly classified as:
1) Mechanical and Electrical transducers. 2) Active and Passive transducers. 3) Analog and Digital transducers. 4) Primary and Secondary transducer.

5) Transducers and Inverse transducer.

Mechanical Transducers-The mechanical transducer are transducer that respond to change in the physical condition of the system and gives output in other form.

Electrical Transducers-An electrical transducer is a device that converts the non electrical quantity to an electrical quantity that is proportional to the input quantity. Active Transducer-These transducer do not need any external source of power for their operation.Therefore they are also called as self generating type transducer. Passive Transducer-These transducer need external power supply for their operation .

Analog Transducers-The output of these transducer is in the analog form that means it is a continuous function of time.
Digital Transducers-The output of these transducer is in the digital form that means it is the form of digital pulses discrete in time. Primary Transducers-The mechanical device converts the physical quantity to be measured into a mechanical signal. Such mechanical device are called as the primary transducer. Secondary Transducers-The electrical device then converts this mechanical signal into a corresponding electrical signal such electrical device are known as the secondary transducer. Transducer and Inverse Transducer-Transducer convert non electrical quantity to electrical quantity while inverse transducer conver electrical to a non electrical quantity.

Characteristics of Transducers

Linearity The relation between the output and input of a transducer should be linear. Accuracy-It is defined as closeness of the actual output produced by transducer to the ideal or true value of the quantity measured. Speed of response-It show how quickly a transducer responds to the change in the quality being measured. Sensitivity-The output produced per unit change in the input quantity being measured.

Small Size-A transducer must have small size, proper shape and minimum volume .

Transducer Selection Factors

Nature of Measurement
Cost and availability

Operating range
Sensitivity

Environmental Consideration

Displacement Transducer-LVDT

Assume that core is exactly at the centre of the coil assembly. then the flux linked to both the secondary winding will be equal. The output voltage of LVDT, vois therefore zero corresponding to the central position of the core.This position of the core is called null position. Now if the core is displaced from its null position towards secondary-1 then the flux linked to secondary -1 increased and flux linked to secondary-2 decreases. Similarly if the core is displaced downwards ,then the flux linked to secondary -2 increased and flux linked to secondary -1 decreased.

Application

LVDT are used for measurement of tension in cord.

LVDTare used for measurement and control of thickness of a metal sheet being rolled.

The LVDT can be used in all application where displacement ranging from fraction of a mm to few cm have to be measured

Temperature Transducer-Thermocouples

The operation of thermocouple is based on a phenomenon called as see back effect. it states that a current flows in a closed circuit made of two dissimilar metals if the junction of two metal are kept at different temperature. Due to this current flow, an emf preoperational to the temperature difference is produced.

If these junction are kept at temperature T1 and T2 then a thermal emf is produced which is proportional to the temperature difference T1-T2. e = K(T1-T2)

Optical transducer -photodiode

.

A photo diode is a reverse biased p-n junction diode.

When it is not exposed to light the current that passes through the diode is small leakage current.

As light passes through the diode, the current passing through it increases

Application

In sound track reader due to fast response time.

In switching element.

Photo cell or photo voltaic cell.

Detector of modulated light in optical communication system.

Thank you