CONTESSA M. GABRIEL,RN,MAN,Ed.

Growth- increase in physical size of a structure or whole.

-quantitative change.

Two parameters of Growth

weight- most sensitive measure of growth, especially low birth rate.
Wt doubles 6 months

3x 4x

1yr 2-2 yrs

> average increase in ht - 1st year = 50% > stoppage of ht coincide with eruption of wisdom tooth.

Height- increase by 1/mo during 1st 6 months

How to measure development

Observe child doing specific task. Role description of childs progress DDST- Denver development screening test. > MMDST (Phil) Metro Manila Developmental Screening Test. > DDST measures mental dev.

Prenatal stage from conception- birth Period of infancy Early childhood

Neonatal- 1st 28 days or 1st 4 weeks of life Formal infancy- 29 day 1 year Toddler 1-3 yrs Pre school 4-6 years

Middle childhood Late childhood

School age- 7 12 yrs

Pre adolescent 11 13 yrs Adolescent 12 - 18 21

G&D is a continuous process

begins form conception- ends in death womb to tomb principles

not all parts of the body grow at the same time or at same rate.
asynchronism Each child is unique G&D occurs in a regular direction reflecting a definitive and predictable patterns or trends.

Behavioral in the most compressive indicator of developmental status. universal language of child- play great deal of skill and behavior is learned by practice. Practice makes perfect. neonatal reflexes us must be lost before one can proceed.
plantar reflex should disappear before baby can walk moro reflex should disappear before baby can roll persistent primitive infantile reflexes- case of cerebral palsy

renal digestive grows rapidly during childhood musculoskeletal Neuromuscular tissue (CNS, brain, S. cord)
grow rapidly 1-2 years of life brain achieved its adult proportion by 5 years.

Lymphatic system- lymph nodes, spleen grows rapidly- infancy and childhood to provide protection -infection
tonsil adult proportion by 5 years

Repro organ- grows rapidly at puberty

fetal and infancy most rapid G&D adolescent- rapid G&D toddler- slow G period Toddler and preschool- alternating rapid and slow school age- slower growth
fetal and infancy- prone to develop anemia

A. Heredity R race I intelligence S sex N - nationality

Females are born less in weight than males by 1 oz. Females are born less in length than males by 1 inch

B. Environment Q quality of nutrition S socio eco. status H health O ordinal pos in family P parent child relationship
Eldest- skillful in language and social skills Younger- toilet trained self

* occur in a regular direction reflecting the development of neuromuscular function. These apply to physical, mental, social and emotional development and includes.

cephalo-caudal head to tail

occurs along bodies long axis in which control over head, mouth and eye movements and precedes control over upper body torso and legs.

proximo- distal Centro distal

progressing form center of body to extremities.

Symmetrical- at side of body develop on same direction at same time at same rate. Mass specific differentiation
child learns form simple operations before complex function of move from a broad general pattern of behavior. To a bore refined pattern.

Sequential- involves a predictable sequence of G&D to which the child normally passes. a. locomotion- creep than crawls, sit then stand. b. socio and language skills- solitary games, parallel games

Secular- worldwide trend of maturing earlier and growing larger as compared to succeeding generations.

Developmental tasks- different form chronological age

skill or growth responsibility arising at a particular time in the individuals life.

The successful achievement of which will ------ a foundation for the accomplishments of future tasks.

Oral Phase 0-18 months

ANAL- 18 months-3 years

- mouths site of gratification -activity of infant- biting, sucking crying. -why do babies suck?- enjoyment and release of tension. -provide oral stimulation even if baby was placed on NPO. -pacifier. -never discourage thumb sucking.

-site of gratification- anus -activity- elimination, retention or defecation of feces make take place - principle of holding on or letting go. -mother wins or child wins -child wins- stubborn, hardheaded anti social. (anak pupu na, child holds pupu, child wins) -mother wins- obedient, kind, perfectionist, meticulous OC-anal phase -help child achieve bowel and bladder control even if child is hospitalized.

Phallic- 3-6 years

Latent- 7-12 years

site of gratification -genitals activity- may show exhibitionism -increase knowledge of a sexes -accept child fondling his/her own genitalia as normal exploration -answer Childs question directly. Right age to introduce sexuality preschool

Genital- 12-18 years

-period of suppression- no obvious development. -Childs libido or energy is diverted to more concrete type of thinking -helps child achieve (+) experience so ready to face conflict of adolescence -site of gratification -genitals -achieve sexual maturity -learns to establish relationships with opposite sex. -give an opportunity to relate to opposite sex.

trust vs mistrust 0-18 months. -foundations of all psychosocial task -to give and receive is the psychosocial theme -know to develop trust baby 1. satisfy needs on time - breastfeed 2. care must be consistent and adequate -both parents- 1st 1 year of life 3. give an experience that will add to security- touch, eye to eye contact, soft music.

Autonomy vs shame and doubt 18-3 years -- independence /self govt

develop autonomy on toddler give an opportunity of decision making like offer choices. encourage to make decision rather then judge. set limits

initiative vs guilt- 4-6 years

-learns how to do basic things -let explore new places and events -activity recommended- modeling clay, finger painting will enhance imagination and creativity and facilitate fine motor devt

industry vs inferiority 7-12 yrs

-child learns how to do things well -give short assignments and projects

Identity vs role confusion or diffusion 12-18 yrs

- learns who he/she is or what kind of person he/ she will become by adjusting to new body image and seeking emancipation form parents -freedom form parents.

Intimacy vs isolation 20-40 yrs -looking for a lifetime partner and career focus generatively vs stagnation 40- 60 ego integrity vs, despair 60-65

Sensory motor 0-2 yrs

-practical intelligence- words and symbols not yet available baby communicates through senses and reflexes.

Preoperational thought 2-7 years Concrete Operational thought 7-12 years Formal Operational thought 12 and up.

1.) neonate reflex (1 month)-All reflexes 2.) primary circular (1-4 months)-Activity related to body ,repetition of behavior, ex. thumb sucking 3.) secondary circular reaction (4-8 months)-activity not related to body, discover obj and persons permanence, memory traces present, anticipate familiar events. 4-8 months 4.) Coordination of secondary reaction (8-12 months)exhibit goal directed behavior, increase of separateness (will search of lost toy, knows mom) 5.)Tertiary circular reaction (12-18 months)-use trial and error to discover places and events , invention of new means,capable of space and time perception, (hits fork, spoon on table or drops fork) 6.) Invention of new means there mental combination (1824 months), transitional phase to the pre operational thought period.

Preconceptual (2-4 yrs)-thinking basically complete literal and static, egocentricunable to view others interrupt, concept of dying is only now, concept of distance is only as fat as they can see, concept of amenism inanimate object is alive, not aware of concept of r3eversibility- in every action theories an opposite reaction or cause and effect Initiative (4-7 yrs)-Beginning of causation

able to find solution to everyday problems which systematic reasoning. have concept of reversibility- cause and effect have concept of longer cuation constancy despite of transformation. activity recommended- collecting and classifying stamps stationeries, dolls, rubber band markers.

Cognition achieved its final form can deal with past present and future have abstract and mature thoughts. can find solutions to hypothetical problems with scientific reasoning. activity ------- will sort out opinions and current events.