THROUGH THE EYES OF LOVE AND JUSTICE:

Revisioning a MULTICULTURAL Humanistic Psychology

Shelly P. Harrell, Ph.D., Keynote Address Society for Humanistic Psychology Santa Barbara, CA - March 3, 2013

GRATITUDE
David Elkins Louis Hoffman Theopia Jackson My Students New Friends

Wake up Everybody
by John Legend, The Roots, & Common

THE QUESTIONS
Is Humanistic Psychology inherently multicultural? If so, how is that made credible through explicit discussion and visibility in theory and practice? Does the community of Humanistic Psychology include the multiple cultural expressions of humanity? Does the intellectual and theoretical work of humanistic psychology include voices that speak to what it means to be human and the existential dilemmas of our humanness from diverse cultural traditions? Is the practice of Humanistic Psychology relevant to serving the wellbeing of the marginalized, disenfranchised, and oppressed? In what ways is Humanistic Psychology in substantive dialogue with those in psychology whose work focuses on diversity and social justice? (e.g., Divisions 9, 27, 35, 44, 45, 48) Do the writings and work of Humanistic Psychology demonstrate an understanding of systemic oppression, power, and privilege? Has Humanistic Psychology been willing to step into the discomfort of differences and engage in some meaningful self-evaluation around these issues?

On Walking the Talk

One of the great tragedies of life is that [people] seldom bridge the gulf between practice and profession, between doing and saying. A persistent schizophrenia leaves so many of us tragically divided against ourselves. On the one hand, we proudly profess certain sublime and noble principles, but on the other hand, we sadly practice the very antithesis of these principles. How often are our lives characterized by a high blood pressure of creeds and an anemia of deeds! -Martin Luther King, Jr.

OUR HUMAN ADVENTURE

What more have we to give one another than our 'truth' about our human adventure as honestly and as openly as we know how?
-Rabbi Saul Rubin

THROUGH THE EYES OF LOVE AND JUSTICE

Some of my favorite Love Books

All About Love: New Visions by bell hooks Strength to Love by Martin Luther King, Jr. The Art of Loving by Erich Fromm

Love and Will by Rollo May

"When I speak of love I am speaking of that force which all of the great religions have seen as the supreme unifying principle of life. Love is somehow the key that unlocks the door which leads to ultimate reality."
~Martin Luther King, Jr.

Love is the only sane and satisfactory answer to the problem of human existence. Erich Fromm

Agape Love
Love of humanity, of all of our sisters and brothers in the human family Experiencing and connecting to the all through the uniqueness of the one Deeply feeling the common humanity of our oneness while honoring the different cultural expressions and manifestations of that oneness that makes us whole and complete

Love is.

Love is by Common
How beautiful love can be On the streets love is hard to see It's a place I got to be Loving you is loving me How beautiful love can be On the streets love is hard to see Gotta reach that frequency Loving you is loving me

INTERCONNECTEDNESS & COMMUNITY

The African Ethic of Ubuntu

I am because we are and because we are I am.

Every living system (people, animals, nature) exists in relationship to and interdependent with every other living system past, present, and future We thrive and grow optimally when we are in relationship Bishop Desmond Tutu drew upon this traditional African ethic of Ubuntu in his work on reconciliation in South Africa

My humanity is bound up in yours, for we can only be human together.

~Bishop Desmond Tutu

Nobles Extended Self (African-centered Psychology)

Nobles Extended Self (traditional African conception of self) African self-concept centered in we I am because we are and because we are I am (Ubuntu) We includes family, community, culture, ancestors, descendants, nature, spirit We are not separate, finite beings and we can only achieve our fullness through connectedness and community Implies the inseparability of the person, environment, spirit, and nature

There is no better place to learn the art of loving than in community.

~bell hooks

What is a community?
Locality-based Communities based on geography Relational Communities

People, groups, and organizations whose connections are based upon commonalities or identification and are not limited by place or geography Four types of relational communities
Identity community Religion, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation Common interest community Social or recreational clubs, occupation Task-oriented community School, workplace, committee Collective power structure community Labor unions, advocacy groups

Some Characteristics of Communities

Communities are dynamic systems that change
The value and significance of our community memberships can vary widely and can change over time and context Communities and subcommunities emerge and become inactive as contexts and needs change

Communities have identity

Shaped and maintained by community narratives (stories) that are shared and passed down

Communities have intracommunity variability

Communities are comprised of diverse individuals Issues of macrobelonging and microbelonging Intersectionality issues People within communities have multiple needs and priorities

Significance of Community
Sarason (1974) A Psychological Sense of Community The loneliness and alienation that emerges from individualism is the defining problem of many Western societies Loss or dilution of strong community connections is the most destructive dynamic in peoples lives
Psychological well-being, quality of life, meaning and purpose, self-esteem and positive behaviors are strongly related to having a sense of belongingness, connection, and identification with something larger than oneself

Sense of Community
Early work of Sarason (1974) and McMillan & Chavis (1986) Connection to a larger whole characterized by sharing an emotional bond or common condition; perception of similarity A feeling of belonging, identification, and security in relationship to a larger group Acknowledgement of interdependence, a sense of being in this together, that others have my back Feeling that members matter to one another and to the group Mutuality of Influence; being willing to contribute to the community and be changed by the community Shared faith that members needs will be met through commitment to be together

JUSTICE

Stand by Sly and The Family Stone

Stand In the end you'll still be you One that's done all the things you set out to do Stand There's a cross for you to bear Things to go through if you're going anywhere Stand For the things you know are right It s the truth that the truth makes them so uptight Stand All the things you want are real You have you to complete and there is no deal Stand. stand, standStand. stand, standStand You've been sitting much too long There's a permanent crease in your right and wrong Stand There's a midget standing tall And the giant beside him about to fall Stand. stand, standStand. stand, standStand They will try to make you crawl And they know what you're saying makes sense and all Stand Don't you know that you are free Well at least in your mind if you want to be

Power and Oppression

Steven Biko: The most potent weapon of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed.

Maulana Karenga (1996): Power is the ability to define someones elses reality and get them to believe it as if it were their own.
Expressions of Power Riger (1993) Power Over control and dominate Power To pursue goals and opportunities Power From - resistance Satyagraha Power of truth (Gandhi) Principles, active and openly expressed resistance to oppression that is coupled with appeals to social justice Power With- capacity to build groups, bring people together , create community

Revolution begins with the self, in the self.

~Toni Cade Bambara

The struggle has always been inner, and is played out in outer terrains. Awareness of our situation must come before inner changes, which in turn comes before changes in society. ~Gloria Anzaldua

Critical Consciousness & Sociopolitical Development

Critical consciousness
The ability to observe, analyze, and reflect upon ones own conditions and the conditions of others Independent thinking that challenges the status quo

Critical consciousness is necessary to develop independent thinking in the context of an oppressive status quo
Psychological empowerment Self-determination Independent thinking Critical thinking

Sociopolitical Development
The developmental process of awareness and action related to social asymmetries and inequities in valued social, political, and economic resources Roderick Watts developed a developmental stage framework to address the psychological process of internalized oppression. Stages include: Acritical, Adaptive, Precritical, Critical, and Liberation Involvement in social justice and community activism requires higher stages of sociopolitical development; speaks to the relationship between psychological oppression and the maintainence of an oppressive status quo

DIFFERENCE
We are all AT THE SAME TIME Like ALL others Like SOME others Like NO others
(paraphrased from Murray & Kluckhohn)

5 Ds of Difference (Harrell, 1990)

Denial Defensiveness Distancing Devaluing Discovery

From MLKs Where do we go from here?

Now, we got to get this thing right. What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless and abusive, and that love without power is sentimental and anemic. Power at its best, power at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice at its best is love correcting everything that stands against love. I have also decided to stick with love, for I know that love is ultimately the only answer to [hu]mankind's problems. ~Martin Luther King, Jr. (1967)

Where is the Love?by The Black Eyed Peas

What's wrong with the world, mama, People livin' like they ain't got no mamas I think the whole world addicted to the drama, Only attracted to things that'll bring you trauma Overseas, yeah, we try to stop terrorism, But we still got terrorists here livin' In the USA, the big CIA, The Bloods and The Crips and the KKK But if you only have love for your own race, Then you only leave space to discriminate And to discriminate only generates hate, And when you hate then you're bound to get irate, yeah Madness is what you demonstrate, And that's exactly how anger works and operates Man, you gotta have love just to set it straight, Take control of your mind and meditate; Let your soul gravitate to the love, y'all

People killin', people dyin, Children hurt and you hear them cryin' Can you practice what you preach, And would you turn the other cheek Father, Father, Father help us, Send some guidance from above 'Cause people got me, got me questionin, Where is the love (Love).

It just ain't the same, always unchanged, New days are strange, is the world insane If love and peace are so strong, Why are there pieces of love that don't belong Nations droppin' bombs, Chemical gasses fillin' lungs of little ones With ongoin' sufferin' as the youth die young, So ask yourself is the lovin' really gone
So I could ask myself really what is goin' wrong, In this world that we livin' in people keep on givin' in Makin' wrong decisions, only visions of them dividends Not respectin' each other, deny thy brother A war is goin' on but the reason's undercover Where is the love?

The truth is kept secret, it's swept under the rug If you never know truth then you never know love Where's the love, y'all, come on (I don't know) Where's the truth, y'all, come on (I don't know) Where's the love, y'all People killin', people dyin, Children hurt and you hear them cryin' Can you practice what you preach, And would you turn the other cheek I feel the weight of the world on my shoulder, As I'm gettin' older, y'all, people gets colder Most of us only care about money makin, Selfishness got us followin' our wrong direction Wrong information always shown by the media, Negative images is the main criteria Infecting the young minds faster than bacteria, Kids wanna act like what they see in the cinema Yo', whatever happened to the values of humanity, Whatever happened to the fairness in equality Instead of spreading love we're spreading animosity, Lack of understanding, leading us away from unity That's the reason why sometimes I'm feelin' under, That's the reason why sometimes I'm feelin' down There's no wonder why sometimes I'm feelin' under, Gotta keep my faith alive till love is found Now ask yourselfWhere is the love? One world, one world (We only got), One world, one world (That's all we got), One world, one world And something's wrong with it (Yeah), Something's wrong with it (Yeah) Something's wrong with the wo-wo-world, yeah We only got (One world, one world)

Love and Justice

Authentic commitment to social justice is born out of loveEnduring social justice work is sustained by loveLiving social justice is the highest expression of love. Harrell (2013)

Despair & Emotional Expression

Some of the most heart wrenching expressions of despair come through the music and poetry of people from oppressed groups African American tradition Soul Musicmusic that speaks to, touches the soul
Speaks to potential role of expressive arts therapies in therapy

Motherless Child by Paul Robeson

Sometimes I feel like a motherless child A long ways from home Oh my brother A long ways from home Sometimes I feel like Im almos gone A long ways from home Oh my brother A long ways from home

The Message
by GrandMaster Flash and the Furious Five
Broken glass everywhere People pissing on the stairs, you know they just don't care I can't take the smell, I can't take the noise Got no money to move out, I guess I got no choice Rats in the front room, roaches in the back Junkies in the alley with the baseball bat I tried to get away, but I couldn't get far Cause a man with a tow-truck repossessed my car
Don't push me cause I'm close to the edge I'm trying not to lose my head, ah huh-huh-huh Its like a jungle out there it makes me wonder How I keep from going under

Existential Themes? Implications for Therapy?

Ill Riseby Ben Harper

You may write me down in history, With your bitter twisted lies You may trod me down in the very dirt, And still like the dust I'll rise Does my happiness upset you Why are you best with gloom Cause I laugh like I've got an oil well, Pumpin' in my living room So you may shoot me with your words, You may cut me with your eyes And I'll rise I'll rise I'll rise Out of the shacks of history's shame, Up from a past rooted in pain I'll rise I'll rise I'll rise Now did you want to see me broken, Bowed head and lowered eyes Shoulders fallen down like tear drops, Weakened by my soulful cries Does my confidence upset you, Don't you take it awful hard Cause I walk like I've got a diamond mine, Breakin up in my front yard

So you may write me down in history, With your bitter twisted lies You may trod me down in the very dirt, And still like the dust I'll rise Does my happiness upset you? Why are you beset with gloom? Cause I laugh like I've got a goldmine, Diggin' up in my living room

Is there a place for these stories, this soundtrack in Humanistic Psychology?

Re-Visioning a MULTICULTURAL Humanistic Psychology

An Attempt at Integration: Love, Justice, and Humanistic Psychology in Multicultural Context

First sentence of APA Multicultural Guidelines

(APA Policy, 2002)

All individuals exist in social, political, historical and economic contexts and psychologists are increasingly called upon to understand the influence of these contexts on individuals behavior.
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Importance of Ecological and Contextual Variables

Oppressive and unhealthy contexts can block the natural human tendency toward optimal growth and development and present challenges that impede optimal human functioning and well-being, compromise or confuse personal and collective identity, and suppress or misdirect health-promoting behaviors.
Context affects conditions of living and access to societal resources Context determines exposure to particular societal, sociocultural, and community narratives that define self, acceptable roles, as well as appropriate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Context impacts options for support and coping Context influences opportunities for affirmation and validation of person and community
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A PsychoEcoCultural Perspective
The Psychoecocultural perspective approaches the study of the human mind, experience, behavior, and transformation as manifestations of the ongoing interplay between interconnected psychological, biological, ecological, and cultural processes. (Harrell, 2012)

Contextualization of the Person

Emerging from this literature is the theoretical position that a decontextualized self is meaningless; our existence is meaningful only in relationship (to others, to community, to culture, to physical settings, to ecological contexts, to nature, to God)

Descriptions of human behavior and transformation must reference the dynamic Person-Culture-Context complex in order to fully capture the transactional processes of the person as a living system embedded in and interdependent with other persons, as well as multiple cultural and ecological systems

Humanistic-Existential Connections
The worldis the natural setting of, and field for, all my thoughts and all my explicit perceptionsMan is in the world and only in the world does he know himself. Maurice Merleau-Ponty Understanding of ones existence as such is always an understanding of the world. Martin Heidegger [A] bare subject without a world never is. -Martin Heidegger

Through the Thou a man becomes I. Martin Buber

Be that self which one truly is. -Soren Kierkegaard
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Existential Psychology & Context

Existential Psychology is basically about the human dilemma of making sense of our own existence and its finitude while developing the will to create meaning, live authentically, manifest our highest potentialities, and fully experience our lives in the context of the world in which we live. An individuals relationship to the ultimate concerns of existence is expressed through the struggle to function optimally within the multiple human created ecological systems and cultural influences that create the contexts of our lives.

The Existential Paradox and Related Ideas

Face finitude and live life fullyLiving fully and authentically as we are dyingfacing death and life simultaneously Related to the African-centered approach of diunital logic o Both/and (vs. either/or) thinking and understanding of issues; approaching a problem holding on to the co-existence of opposite forces o Identification of multiple truths in opposing perspectives and that seemingly conflicting viewpoints can co-exist

Dialectics- A process involving two seeming opposite or contradictory energies or elements that acknowledges the tension between them and seeks to hold and investigate that tension

Dialectical Tensions in Psychotherapy

The dialectic of Acceptance and Change in third-wave behavioral therapies (DBT, ACT, IBCT) Dialectical tensions in relationships (identified by Baxter) include: autonomy-connection, predictability-novelty, openness-closedness, inclusion-seclusion, conventionality-uniqueness, and revelation-concealment

Set Me Free by Gina Rene

I know the truth hurts but the pain is
gonna set me free. Gina Rene

African Existentialism
African existentialism emphasizes the struggle to express ones authentic essence within contexts that actively work against validation and affirmation of the person and community. Fanons writings and Ralph Ellisons The Invisible Man reflect African existentialism

According to the scholar Lewis Gordon African Existentialism is about The existential demand for recognizing the situation or lived-context of Africana peoples being-in-the-world For people of African descent, existential questions relate to issues of identity and liberation in the context of oppression
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Paolo Freires Work as a Bridge between Humanistic Psychology and the Psychoecocultural Perspective
Brazilian educator, author of Pedagogy of the Oppressed Committed to social injustice centered on illiterate peasants Among the influences on his thoughts and writings include existential philosophy, French personalist Emmanuel Mounier, Spanish poet and educator Miguel de Unamuno, psychiatrist Erich Fromm, and activists Che Guevara & Martin Luther King Jr. Criticized for the connection of his writings with socialist thought Strong influence on Latin American Liberation Psychology Referenced in Community Psychology and Multicultural Psychology KEY IDEAS: Humanization, Culture of Silence, Duality of the Oppressed, LiberatingProblem-posing Education (vs. The Banking Concept of Education), Critical Consciousness, Critical Dialogue, Dialogic Action, Praxis
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Freires Humanization through Dialogue

Humanization as the process of relating to others as subjects capable of knowing affirmation of ones dignity and worth as a human being. Dehumanization is the objectification of others as things Humanization of both the oppressed and oppressor is required for liberation and transformation Praxis is the methodology of reflection and action Dialogue is the humanizing process of learning and knowing through sharing lived experience; it is the vehicle for transformation of both the individual and the collective Requires mutual trust and is a horizontal relationship grounded in love, humility and faith; faith in humankind is a requirement for dialogue Alienation and oppression thwart, block, and impair our power as human beings to create and transform ourselves and the world. Experiencing oneself as subject vs. object (to be named and acted upon) can be reborn through dialogue
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Psychoecocultural and Humanistic Perspectives: Nine Points of Convergence and Extension

1. Primacy on authentic relationship as the pathway to the development of strong sense of self and optimal growth is consistent with diverse cultural constructs such as Ubuntu, Personalismo, Lovingkindness, etc. (Rogers) 2. Ultimate goal of becoming fully human reflects an individual level of analysis. This can be extended to the idea of valuing the full expression of collective humanity and diversity of humankind 3. Facilitating experiential awareness can be expanded in a collective context to the idea of critical consciousness (Freire and Liberation Psychology), which is also about attending more deeply to what is observed and experienced in the world around us 4. Emphasis on meaning, purpose, and strengths in the context of suffering; movement from oppression and powerlessness to meaning, liberation, freedom, and choice (Frankl, May, African Existentialism)
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5. The human dilemma of Being-in-the-World as a focus of existentially-grounded work can be broadened to incorporate more attention to world processes at the sociopolitical and institutional levels of analysis (most existential approaches emphasize the Being part) 6. Humanistic approaches have typically taken a less pathologizing view than other therapeutic orientations, a view that has privileged and honored the clients freedom, choice, and self-determination; this implies a more collaborative and empowering approach consistent with multicultural and community psychology 7. Humanistic perspectives converge with multicultural, feminist, community, and liberation psychology in actively challenging rigid, symptom-focused, medical model, cookbook (manualized) approaches 8. Most forms of therapy that have emerged from Humanistic Psychology emphasize experiential processes such that attunement with and responsiveness to the needs of the client are primary; this is consistent with the concept of culturally-syntonic practice 9. The transpersonal view opens space for extending the conception of the person to include the spiritual dimension of human experience that is so central to many cultures

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Benefits of the Psychoecocultural and Humanistic-Existential Integration

The integration of the psychoecocultural and humanisticexistential perspectives has the following benefits:
The concept of Being-in-the-World is consistent with conceptualizing culture and context as central players in the human condition An expansion of focus not only to the development of our highest individual potentialities but also to our highest collective potentialities in the context of community and as citizens of the world. Optimal expression of our humanness through wellness processes is more meaningfully pursued and successfully facilitated when culturally and contextually situated Adversity and pain are conceptualized as an inevitable part of human existence through the experience of Being in the World and provide ongoing opportunities for liberation, empowerment, and transformation

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Humanistic Concepts through a Multicultural Lens

NECESSARY & SUFFICIENT CONDITIONS (The Soil) UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD EMPATHY FULLY FUNCTIONING HUMAN INCONGRUENCE AND CONGRUENCE EXPERIENCING AUTHENTICITY ACTUALIZING TENDENCY SELF-ACTUALIZATION EXISTENTIAL PARADOX EXISTENTIAL GIVENS MEANING AND PURPOSE FREEDOM AND RESPONSIBILITY

Contextualized Humanistic Intervention (CHI)

Contextualized Humanistic Intervention

An Integrative Multicultural-Humanistic approach that emphasizes the interconnectedness of persons, contexts, and culture thus expanding the base traditions of Humanistic and Multicultural Psychologies and their respective families. Ultimately, CHI is about optimizing the full expression of our humanity and the diversity of humankind towards the elevation of our collective functioning and well-being.
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Multicultural Influences on CHI

African Influences Ubuntu, Ntu, and Seriti African Centered Psychology Extended Self (Nobles), Community of Self (Akbar), Optimal Psychology (Myers) Native American Influences The Medicine Wheel, The Four Directions, The Talking Circle Native American Psychology- Cultural Soul Wounds (Duran) Latin American Influences Personalismo, Espiritismo, Dignidad Latino Psychology Post-Colonial Syndrome (Comas-Diaz), Liberation Psychology (Martin-Baro) Asian Influences Asian Psychology Interdependent Self, Morita Therapy Indian Psychology Oneness and non-duality, Consciousness and Self (Paranjpe and Rao) Buddhist Psychology (Kornfield) Lovingkindness, Compassion, Happiness, Suffering, Detachment, Enlightenment, Mindfulness, Acceptance (Hanh)

Three Core Emergent Ideas from Culture-Centered Psychologies

Three common themes among culturecentered and indigenous psychologies
1. Concepts of interrelatedness, connectedness, and oneness 2. Centrality of spirituality 3. Challenge of achieving liberation, positive identity, and optimal functioning in the context of multiple threats and blocks embedded in the conditions of living
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Myers Optimal Psychology (African-centered Psychology)

An African-centered paradigm and holistic conceptual system based on the oneness of spirit and matter Everything is interrelated through networks of human and spiritual processes and each person is an expression of the energy and essence that flows through all life Importance of self-knowledge and consciousness of the unified self (consciousness is connection to the energy that permeates everything) Liberation comes from freeing our minds and making contact with the consciousness of oneness Intervention (Belief Systems Analysis) is transformative and aimed ultimately at improving quality of life for self and others

Psychotherapeutic practice based in CHI is about cultivation of an understanding of the dynamic, hereand-now, contextualized nature of human existence, and the culturallyflavored nature of human experience and transformation.

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CULTURE
The superordinate context in which human experience, functioning, and transformation occur by providing the fundamental and organizing foundation for interpreting and living in the world. ~Wade Nobles Culture is learned, expressed, and passed along through a vast network of shared material, social, and ideological structures including ideas, values, beliefs, sensibilities, social roles, language, communication patterns, physical artifacts, rituals, and symbols. ~David Matsumoto
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The Integrative and Foundational Role of Culture

CULTURE IS
Embedded in our Environmental Contexts Internalized into our Beliefs, Values, & Thoughts Expressed through our Choices and Behaviors
Culture can be demographically-based (e.g., ethnic culture, gay culture) or experientially-based (e.g., occupational culture, 12-step culture) Individuals are exposed to and internalize multiple cultural influences which intersect in particular ways to create identity Culture functions as an organizing and linking process between persons and contexts, as well as being manifested in the transactions between them The inclusion of culture in the analysis of human experience, behavior, and transformation facilitates the identification of constructs, methods, and strategies that enhance the effectiveness of applied work in diverse cultural contexts
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Culture in CHI
Ecocultural Processes
The shared core elements of the cultural worldview General and commonly expressed cultural characteristics Material culture, Social culture, Ideological Culture Manifestations of culture that emerge from a groups cultural context The essence of a cultural groups way of life passed down from generation to generation Similar to Matsumotos societal culture Expressed as the Sociocultural Context in the CHI Model

Psychocultural Processes
The unique ways that ecological culture is internalized and expressed by each individuals, families, and groups The intentional choices that individuals makes regarding adopting and participating in particular cultural values, customs, behaviors, etc. The meaning of culture to the individual Similar to Matsumotos individual culture Expressed as Psychocultural Person Dynamics in the CHI Model
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THE QUESTIONSAGAIN
Is Humanistic Psychology inherently multicultural? If so, how is that made credible through explicit discussion and visibility in theory and practice? Does the community of Humanistic Psychology include the multiple cultural expressions of humanity? Does the intellectual and theoretical work of humanistic psychology include voices that speak to what it means to be human and the existential dilemmas of our humanness from diverse cultural traditions? Is the practice of Humanistic Psychology relevant to serving the wellbeing of the marginalized, disenfranchised, and oppressed? In what ways is Humanistic Psychology in substantive dialogue with those in psychology whose work focuses on diversity and social justice? (e.g., Divisions 9, 27, 35, 44, 45, 48) Do the writings and work of Humanistic Psychology demonstrate an understanding of systemic oppression, power, and privilege? Has Humanistic Psychology been willing to step into the discomfort of differences and engage in some meaningful self-evaluation around these issues?

My journey of despair and hope during this conference.

We Shall Overcome by Mahalia Jackson

We shall overcome, we shall overcome, We shall overcome someday; Oh, deep in our hearts, we do believe, We shall overcome someday. We shall all have peace, We shall all have peace, We shall all have peace someday; Oh, deep in our hearts, I do believe, We shall all have peace one day. We will all be free, We will all be free, We will all be free someday; Oh, deep in our hearts, We do believe, We shall all be free one day.