Ventilation is the process of supplying and removing air by natural/Artificial (Mechanical means) to and from air source/any space.

Change of air in a room is a must to maintain the tempt limits inside buildings and to remove vitiated by product of respiration, bacteria , unpleasant odour. Otherwise : Nausea Headache Sleepiness Laziness Inattentiveness Fresh air for breathing is a must. Thus ventilation is necessary for: o Creation of Air movement oPreventing undue accumulation of CO2

VENTILATION

o Preventing flammable concentration of gas vapour

o o o o o Preventing accumulation of dust and bacteria-carrying particles. Preventing odour caused by decomposition of building materials Removal of body heat generated /liberated by occupants. Preventing condensation /deposition of moisture on wall surface. Preventing suffocation conditions in public halls/rooms

Natural ventilation: a) Wind driven ventilation : Wind pressures are usually far greater (1 Pa to 35 Pa). b) Stack(buoyancy) ventilation: The pressures generated are quite low (typical values: 0.3 Pa to 3 Pa Functional requirements of ventilation System. Air Changes/Air Movement Humidity Quality of air(Purity) Temperature

Air Changes /Air Movement and rate of supply of fresh air: Min 01/Hr Maximum 60/ Hr Average : 5/6 /Hr Should be uniform, not allow formation of pockets of stagnant air: Air Space per Person (m3 ) Fresh air supply per person (m3 / Hr) 5.5 28.5 8.5 20.5 11.0 and upwards 17.0 As per IS 3362:1965(a) Residential Buildings ) Living Room and Bed Room : 03 per Hour Kitchen : 03 per Hour Bath room and Water Closet: 03 per Hour Passages : --------b) Public Buildings Type of building Min rate of Fresh Air 1.Assembly halls canteens shops, restaurants 30 m3 / person/Hr 2.Factories and workshops 25 m3 / person/Hr 3.Hospitals (OT) : 10 air changes/Hr Wards : 03 air changes/Hr 4. Schools (space : 5-8 m3 per person) 20-30 m3 / person/Hr

Humidity : Relative: Amt of water vapour present in air to amt of water vapour if the air

were saturated at the same tempt.(33-70 % at working of 21 deg centigrade). For higher tempt , low humidity and greater air movements are must for removing greater portion of heat from the body.

Quality of Air (Purity):Should be free from suspended impurities(< 0.5 mg / m3 )

/odours /organic matter /inorganic dust/unhealthy fumes of gases: CO2 (= .06 % vitiated ; .09-.10 ,Stuffy unbearable ) / CO /SO2. (< 0.5 ppm) Ventilating system should not
be situated near Chimney/Kitchen/latrines / Urinals etc.

Temperature: General tempt difference bet inside air and outside air not . 8 0 c
Effective Tempt : An index which combines into a single value, the effect of air movement , humidity and temperature. It is a tempt of air at which a person will experience sensation of same degree of cold or warmth as in quite air fully saturated . At the same tempt. For human comfort the value depends upon : Type of activity, Geographical conditions, Age of occupant, Amount of heat loss from body. Effective Tempt in Summer 22 0 c , in Winter 20 0 c

a) Wind driven ventilation:

The static pressure of air is the pressure in a free-flowing air stream and is depicted by isobars in weather maps. Wind = Differences in static pressure arise from global and microclimate thermal phenomena and create the air flow . Dynamic pressure is the pressure exerted when the wind comes into contact with an object such as a hill or a building.It is related to the air density and the square of the wind speed. The impact of wind on a building affects the ventilation and infiltration rates through it and the associated heat losses or heat gains. Wind speed increases with height and is lower towards the ground due to frictional drag. The impact of wind on the building form creates areas of positive pressure on the windward side of a building and negative pressure on the leeward and sides of the building. Building shape is crucial in creating the wind pressures that will drive air flow through its apertures.

Typical rules of thumb: Harnessing the power of wind for the purpose of natural ventilation are: Building location and orientation Building form and dimensions Window typologies and operation Other aperture types (doors, chimneys) Construction methods and detailing (infiltration) External elements (walls, screens) Urban planning conditions

Benefits of Wind driven ventilation : Greater magnitude and effectiveness Readily available (natural occurring force) Relatively economic implementation User friendly (when provisions for control are provided to occupants) Limitations of wind driven ventilation: Unpredictable and unreliable due constant change Design restrictions and difficulties in harnessing due to speed and direction variations The quality of air it introduces in buildings may be polluted for example due to proximity to an urban or industrial area May create strong, draughts, discomfort

b) Stack driven ventilation:

Stack effect is temperature induced. When there is a temperature difference between two adjoining volumes of air the warmer air will have lower density and be more buoyant thus will rise above the cold air creating an upward air steam. Buoyancy occurs due to a difference in indoor-to-outdoor air density resulting from temperature and moisture differences. The result is either a positive or negative buoyancy force. The greater the thermal difference and the height of the structure, the greater the buoyancy force, and thus the stack effect. The stack effect is also referred to as the "chimney effect", and it helps drive natural ventilation
Forced stack effect in a building takes place in a traditional fire place. Passive stack ventilators are common in most bathrooms and other type of spaces without direct access to the outdoors

Buildings are not totally sealed (at the very minimum, there is always a ground level entrance). During the heating season, the warmer indoor air rises up through the building and escapes at the top either through open windows, ventilation openings, or leakage. The rising warm air reduces the pressure in the base of the building, forcing cold air to infiltrate through either open doors, windows, or other openings and leakage. During the cooling season, the stack effect is reversed, but is typically weaker due to lower temperature differences. Modern high-rise building with a well-sealed envelope, the stack effect creates significant pressure differences that must be given design consideration and needs to be addressed with mechanical ventilation. Stairwells, shafts, elevators, and the like, tend to contribute to the stack effect, whereas interior partitions, floors, and fire separations can mitigate it. Especially in case of fire, the stack effect needs to be controlled to prevent the spread of smoke.