Nuclear Technology

Energy - the driving force of change Natural Units - atoms, molecules, moles, and electrons Atoms - the tiny wonders Atomic Nuclei - small frontier to explore Radioactive Decay - transmutation of nuclides Particles - frozen energy states Nuclides - composite particles of nucleons Nuclear Reactions - changing the hearts of atoms Nuclear Fission - energy for war and peace Nuclear Fusion - an ideal energy source Ionizing Radiation - radiation detection and measurements Radiation Safety - safety in nuclear technology Nuclear Technology - applications of nuclear technology
Energy & Nuclear Science 1

Energy & Nuclear Science

The most important aspect of nuclear technology is the large amount of energy involved in nuclear changes, radioactivity, nuclear reactions, radiation effects etc. Thus, the energy concept is very important before we start to explore nuclear science. Nuclear energy associates with mass according to Einsteins formula, E=mc2 but what does it mean?
Energy & Nuclear Science 2

E = m c2

Energy driving force of change

Change is the only constant in the universe. Changes: winds, rains, storms, thunders, forest fires, earthquakes, waves, plant growth, food decay, ocean tides, formation and melting of ice, combustion, and growing old ... more example please. What are physical and non-physical changes?

What causes changes? Heat elasticity gravity electromagnetic wave

Identify changes and energy in everyday events
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Recognizing energy
Energy plays an important part And its used in all this work; Energy, yest energy with power so great, A kind that cannot shirk. If the farmer had not this energy, He would be at a loss, But its sad to think, this energy Belongs to a little brown horse.
A school verse by Richard Feynman Nobel laureate for physics Photo of Feynman and Murray Gell-Men
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Mechanical Work
Mass: m kg

Acceleration: a m s-2
Force: F = m a N (Newton = kg m s-2) Distance: s m Work: W = F s J (N m or kg m2 s-2) Potential energy Wp = m g h unites? Kinetic energy Wk = m v 2 work out unites 0.1 kg 1N

Think and deal with quantity of energy

Energy & Nuclear Science

Properties of PE and KE
PE and KE are state functions depending on only the final conditions not on how the conditions were arrived (path). Changes of PE and KE depend on only the initial and final conditions, not on the paths. PE and KE are inter-convertible, but not destroyed. Do you know any other properties?

Energy in amusement parks

Energy & Nuclear Science

Explain state functions

The Temperature Concept

Objective comparison of energy flow potentials temperature scales. 0th law of thermodynamics Two bodies each equal in temperature to a third body are equal in temperature to each other. Maxwell (19th century) Temperature scales led to the concept of heat The science of heat thermodynamics.
Newton (N), Fahrenheit (F), Celsius ( C), and Kelvin (K) temperature scales.

212

100

373.15

12 0

98 32 -40

37 0 -40

310 273.15 233.15

Energy & Nuclear Science

Hot, Cold and Heat

What are the differences between hot-cold temperature and heat? Temperatures (hot and cold) indicate potential for heat flow. They are intensive properties as are color, electrical potentials, concentrations heat capacity, pressures, etc. Temperature scales made hot-cold measurements quantitative, but they are not quantities to be added or subtracted.
Differentiate temperature from heat

Heat, transfers from object to object, elusive. When heat is transferred

between objects, their temperatures change.

Heat is an extensive property as are electric charge, length, mechanical work, mass, mole, time, etc. Heat is measurable in quantities, units being btu, cal, kcal, J, kJ, kwh, etc.
An amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1.00 g of water from 288.5 to 289.5 K is defined as 1.00 calorie or 4.184 J.
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Energy & Nuclear Science

The Concept of Heat

Heat is evidently not passive; it is an expansive fluid which dilates in consequence of the repulsion subsisting among its own particles Joseph Black (1728-1799)
- is a typical additive quantity - is different from hot

Is heat a fluid like water?

- inter-convertible to mechanical work (same units)

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The Energy Concept

Inter-conversion of Heat and Work
Inter-conversion - discovered unexpectedly by Ben Thompson (1753-1814) while making cannons. Conversion factor was determined by J. Joule (18181889) 1 cal = 4.184 J This entity was called effort, living force, and travail, before the term energy was coined by Thomas Young (1773-1829) Joule in his 20s
Thermometer

mgh

Joules experiment demonstrated the generation of heat by mechanical means.

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Energy
Heat and work are really energy being transferred. Energy stored in a body is neither heat nor work. Kinetic energies of gases are proportional to their temperature. Once absorbed, the nature of heat has changed. Motion of gas molecules gave rise to pressure - Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782).
Rudolf J.E. Clausius (1822-1888), James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879), W. Thomson, and Ludwig E. Boltzmann (1844-1906), studied the relationship between temperature and energy of molecular motion. Many elegant theories have been developed as a result.

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Forms of Energy
Heat Mechanical work Waves (sound etc) Electromagnetic radiation (waves) Electrical (charge transfer) Chemical Mass (nuclear) Other driving forces Benefit chi determination encouragement inspiration love law motivation resolution scarcity

What are the properties of energy in these forms and how to evaluate them?
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Electric Energy
Electric energy, E Joule potential, V Volt charge, q Coulomb
E=Vq E = hg m 1 J = 1 CV = 1 N m etc
+ + + + + + + -

Electric field

Be able to evaluate quantities of electric energy

Gravitational field
Energy & Nuclear Science 13

Simple electric energy calculations

Potential difference, V, current i ( = q / t ) and resistance R. V = i R (Ohms law) Power P, (I/o) P = V q / t = V i ( i = current ) = R i 2 (Joules law) Energy and power E = P t ( unit kilo-watt-hour) DC and AC
Electric energy, E Joule potential, V Volt charge, q Coulomb E=Vq E = hg m 1 J = 1 CV = 1 N m etc

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eV a special energy unit

Electron-volt, eV, is a very special energy unit, although we have not discussed electricity and electrons yet.

Charge of an electron = 1.6022e-19 C (one of the fundamental physical constants).

The energy required to increase the electric potential of an electron by 1 V is 1 eV = 1.6022e-19 J (J = C V).

Other units used in nuclear energy are keV (1000 eV) MeV (1e6 eV) GeV (1e9 eV)

Be able to inter-convert energy quantities in various units

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What is light?
Wave properties? Massless Interference Newton ring diffraction Law of reflection law of refraction move in straight line ?? Particle properties?

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Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is transfer of energy by EM waves via no medium(?). EM waves travel in empty space at constant speed (c = 2.997925e8 m/s constant). EM waves are characterized by wavelength (or frequency ) Light is part of the EM spectrum. EM radiation has a very wide spectrum ( or ).
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The EM Spectrum
The EM Radiation Spectrum
Long-wave Radio Broadcast radio band Short wavelength radio Infrared VISIBLE Ultraviolet X-rays Gamma rays > 600 m 600 - 200 m 200 m - 0.1 mm 0.1 - 0.0007 mm 0.7 - 0.4 um 0.4 um - 1 nm 1 nm - 0.1 pm 0.1 nm

Remember the order of these regions

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The EM Wave Spectrum

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The Visible Spectrum

Double rainbow

A color pattern seen in an oil film

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Photons, E = h
Max Planck assumption, E = h , was shown to be true by Einsteins photoelectric experiment. Speed of light, c = 3e8 m s-1 wavelength, frequency of light, = c / Planck constant, h = 6.62619e-34 J s energy of a photon E = h . A photon is a bundle of energy, and its like a particle of light. Use wave to show and .
Energy & Nuclear Science 21

Max Planck
(1858-1947) Nobel Prize (1918)

The Photon Story

Max Planck assumption, E = h, was shown to be true by Einsteins photoelectric experiment.
Kinetic energy of electron

I N T E N S I T Y

Rayleighs Prediction Experimental curve and Plancks prediction

Wiens Law

Threshold

Frequency

Frequency

Explain the photoelectric effect.

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Photon Energy
Typical red light, = 4.69e14 s-1 (Hz), =c/ = 3e8 m s-1 / 4.69e14 s-1 = 640 nm Wave number = 1 / = 1 / 6.40e11 m = 1.56e6 m-1 E=h = 6.62619e-34 J s * 4.69e14 s-1 = 3.1 x 10-19 J (1 eV / 1.6 x 10-19 J) = 1.9 eV per photon
find wavelength or frequency of a violet photon and carry out similar evaluations.
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Laser
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)
Spontaneous decay Green photons Stimulated decay, Red laser

Mirror

Partial mirror Red laser Green pumping light

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4H + 2O

1469 kJ, bond energy

Chemical Energy enthalpy

Understand these terms on energy or enthalpy

2H2 + O2

484 kJ, energy of reaction 2H2O(g)373K 81 kJ, energy of vaporization 2H2O(l)373K 15 kJ, heat 2H2O(l)273K 2H2O(s)273K 12 kJ, energy of fusion

Bond energy energy of reaction energy related to temperature energy related to states melting, vaporization, phase transition mass loss in chemical reactions
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Relative and Zero Masses

Special theory of relativity (by Einstein) shows that mass m of a particle with velocity, v relates to the mass when v = 0, which is called zero mass, mo.

m =

mo v 2 1 - ( ) c
Universal speed 299,792,458 m/s

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Mass and Energy

Einstein further showed that the relativistic mass, m, of a particle exceeds its rest mass mo (m = m - mo). The increase in kinetic energy E and increase in mass are related by: E = m c 2 or E=mc2 Implication: Mass and energy are equivalent. Mass can be expressed in energy unit and vice versa. 241800 J = 241800/c 2 = 2.7 x 10-12 kg = 3 ng
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Power rate of energy transfer

The SI unit for power P is watt named after James Watt, 1 watt = 1 J s1

Power = m g v, v, pulling velocity

mgh

Work out by heart 1 kilowatt-hour = __ J = __ cal = __ BTU

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The law of Conservation of Energy

Energy converts among various forms without any loss or gain. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Conversions of energy in various forms have definite rates. These rates never change, and we have energy conversion factors. 1 amu = 1/12th of mass of a C12 atom 1 amu = (12 kg/k mol)/12 = (1 kg/k mol)/(6.022e26 (k mol)-1) = 1.661e-27 kg = 931.5 MeV
Power = m g v, v, pulling velocity

mgh

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Some conversion factors

1 eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J 1 eV/molecule = 23045 cal/mol 1 MeV = 1.602 x 10-13 J 1 amu = 1.66043 x 10-31 J = 931.4812 MeV 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 atm L = 101.3 J 1 J = 1 coulomb-volt

1 joule = 107 ergs

These factors are in the lecture notes. Be able to do unit conversion. 1 BTU = 252 cal
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Transmitting Energy by Sound

Sound intensity (I, watt/m2), level (SIL) is SIL (dB) = SILo + 10 log (I/Io ) At 1000 Hz, the threshold SILo = 0 dB, I0 = 10-12 watt / m2)

When I = 1 watt / m2 SIL = 120 dB (work out)

Comfortable hearing is between 50 and 70 dB, whereas 10 dB is a bel (after A. G. Bell, 1847-1922). A shock wave is due to a sharp difference in pressure from (nuclear) explosions. Shock waves cause serious injuries to ears, and destroy buildings and structures. Energy & Nuclear Science

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Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics was derived from the Greek words therme (heat) and dynamis (force), intensely studied in the 19th century motivated by the need to convert heat into mechanical work. 0th law: if T of A, TA = T B, TB = TC, then TA = TC 1st law: law of conservation of energy, recognizing internal energy Ein = q w. 2nd law: not possible for a machine to convert all the heat into work. 3rd law: changes are caused be energy decrease and entropy increase. These laws govern engineering of energy transfer.
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Energy Resources and Utilization

What are possible energy resources?
Solar energy Geothermal energy Nuclear energy ??? (class discussion)

What technologies are available to utilize these resources?

???

How efficient are some of the technologies?

???

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Energy crisis and social problems

Level Demand
These issues affect us all, and please apply basics and human natures to solve these problems so your generation will live happily hereafter.

Cost

Arbitrary Coordinate
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