LECTURE TWO

Transmission media

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Definition

A transmission lines are means of conveying signals or power from one point to another A transmission line is the conductive connection between system elements that carry signal power This conductor may at first appear to be a short circuit, but in fact will react differently when high frequencies are propagated along the line.
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The electrical energy transmitted could be:

microwave signals between antennas and stations, television signals, radio signals

telephone and telegraph signals

digital signals in computer networks electrical power distribution.
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Transmission Media
To be sent from one location to another, a signal must

travel along a physical path

The physical path that is used to carry a signal between a

signal transmitter and a signal receiver is called the transmission medium

There are two types of transmission media:

1. Guided 2. Unguided

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TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Guided

media - transmissions material manufactured so that signals will be confined to a narrow path and will behave predictably

Unguided media no wires

Examples include microwaves, infrared light waves, and radio waves

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GUIDED MEDIA
The

three most common types of guided media include twisted-pair wiring, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable

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Other GUIDED MEDIA are

Two-wire open line Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) Shielded Pair Balanced/Unbalanced lines Parallel plate line Strip line Microstrip line Rectangular waveguide

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Twisted-Pair Wiring

Twisted-pair wiring - a type of cable composed of four (or more) copper wires twisted around each other within a plastic sheath The wires are twisted to reduce outside electrical interference The RJ-45 connectors on twisted-pair cables resemble large telephone jacks

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Twisted Pair
Two insulated wires twisted to form a flexible line without the use of spacers. It is not used for high frequencies because of the high losses that occur in the insulation Wet lines increase losses dramatically
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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) CAT5

Category 5 computer networking cable capable of handling a 100MHz bandwidth Most often used in LANs Transmit data at rated up to 100Mbps for a length of 100m

Categories
CAT 3 CAT5 CAT5e CAT6 CAT7 Class C Class D Telephone lines Computer networks Computer networks Class E up to 250MHz Class F up to 600MHz
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Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable - cable that can carry a wide range of frequencies with low signal loss Consists of a metallic shield with a single wire placed along the center of a shield and isolated from the shield by an insulator, The dielectric may be air, plastic or
ceramic

Coaxial cable is divided into two different types:

1. Thinnet coaxial cable - similar to the cable used by cable television companies 2. Thicknet coaxial cable - similar to thinnet except that it is larger in diameter
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Types
Rigid or air coaxial line Flexible or solid coaxial line Electrical configuration of both is the same

Air coaxial: cable with washer insulator. Flexible coaxial.

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Fiber Optic Cable

Fiber optic (or "optical fiber") - the technology associated with the transmission of information as light impulses along a glass or plastic wire or fiber Optical fiber cable can transmit data over long distances with little loss in data integrity Optical fiber is not subject to interference

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Cable Summary

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UNGUIDED MEDIA

Unguided media no wires

Examples include microwaves, infrared light waves, and radio waves, Cellular transmitters etc

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Microwave Transmitters

Microwave transmitters and receivers - commonly used to transmit network signals over great distances

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Infrared and Laser Transmitters

Infrared and laser transmitters - similar to microwave systems: they use the atmosphere and outer space as transmission media

They require a line-of-sight transmission path

Useful for signaling across short distances where it is impractical to lay cable
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Cellular Transmitters

Cellular transmitters - radio transmissions and therefore have the advantage of being able to penetrate solid objects A cellular base station is at the center of each cell

Cellular devices are configured to operate at low power to avoid interfering with other cellular devices in the area
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Unguided Media Summary

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END
Lecture2- Transmission line.ppt
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