TRANSFORMER PROTECTION CAUSES OF FAILURE

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM

OPERATION
DESIGN MANUFACTURE MATERIALS MAINTENANCE

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SYSTEM CAUSES OF FAILURE

OVERVOLTAGES FAST TRANSIENTS LOAD REJECTION BACKFEEDING SHORTCIRCUITS

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OPERATIONAL CAUSES OF FAILURE

LOAD DUTY OVERLOADING SWITCHING OPERATIONS OUT-OF-PHASE SYNCHRONISATION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

BASIC PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL
RESTRICTED EARTHFAULT

OVERFLUXING
OVERCURRENT & EARTHFAULT

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
WORKS ON MERZ-PRICE CURRENT COMPARISON PRINCIPLE RELAYS WITH BIAS CHARACTERISTIC SHOULD ONLY BE USED RELAY SHOULD BE STABLE DURING MAG-INRUSH & OVERFLUXING CONDITIONS

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

WHY BIAS CHARACTERISTIC ?

100 / 1
1A

100/50 KV

200 / 1 1A LOAD = 200 A

0A

OLTC SETTING IS AT MIDTAP


0.9 A

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100 / 1 100/50 KV
200 / 1 1A

LOAD = 200 A

0.1 A

OLTC SETTING IS AT 10% RELAY PICKUP SETTING IS O.2 A SO THE RELAY RESTRAINS


9A

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100 / 1 100/50 KV
200 / 1 10 A

2000 A

1A

OLTC SETTING IS AT 10% RELAY PICKUP SETTING IS O.2 A SO THE RELAY OPERATES


9A

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100 / 1 100/50 KV
200 / 1 10 A B O B 1A

2000 A

MODIFIED PICKUP DUE TO A BIAS SETTING OF 30% IS 30% OF ((10+9)/2), THAT IS, 2.85 A
BUT DIFF. CURRENT IS 1 A, SO THE RELAY RESTRAINS


100 / 1 9A

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
100/50 KV 200 / 1 0A B O 2000 A B 9A

MODIFIED PICKUP DUE TO A BIAS SETTING OF 30% IS 30% OF ((0+9)/2), THAT IS, 1.35 A
BUT DIFF. CURRENT IS 9 A, SO THE RELAY OPERATES

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

MAGNETISING INRUSH
TRANSIENT CONDITION - OCCURS WHEN A TRANSFORMER IS ENERGISED

NORMAL OPERATING FLUX OF A TRANSFORMER IS CLOSE TO SATURATION LEVEL

RESIDUAL FLUX CAN INCREASE THE MAG-CURRENT IN THE CASE OF THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER, THE POINT-ON-WAVE AT SWITCH-ON DIFFERS FOR EACH PHASE AND HENCE, ALSO THE INRUSH CURRENTS


+ m - m
V

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION INRUSH CURRENT

Im

STEADY STATE


+ m - m
Im V

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION INRUSH CURRENT

Im

STEADY STATE

2 m
V

SWITCH ON AT VOLTAGE ZERO - NO RESIDUAL FLUX

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

MAGNETISING INRUSH
IF SYMMETRICAL WAVE -- ONLY ODD HARMONICS

- 3RD AT LOW SATURATION LEVELS - HIGHER HARMONICS AT HEAVY SATURATION

IF OFFSET WAVE -- MAX. INRUSH; 2ND & 3RD HARMONICS INITIAL INRUSH LIMITED BY AIR CORE INDUCTANCE INITIAL DECAY RATE HIGH -- REDUCES AS IRON COMES OUT OF SATURATION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TYPICAL DECAY TIMES FOR MAG INRUSH

MVA RATING NO. OF CYCLES TO REACH 50% OF FIRST PEAK
8 TO 10 10 TO 60 60 TO 600

0.5 -- 1.0 1.0 -- 10 > 10

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION OVERFLUXING CONDITION

DIFFERENTIAL ELEMENT SHOULD BE BLOCKED FOR TRANSIENT OVERFLUXING-+

25% OVERVOLTAGE CONDITION

OVERFLUXING WAVEFORM CONTAINS VERY HIGH 5TH HARMONIC CONTENT

43% 5TH HARMONIC CONTENT

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

BIASED DIFF. PROTECTION

FAST OPERATION ADJUSTABLE CHARACTERISTIC HIGH THROUGH FAULT STABILITY CT RATIO COMPENSATION MAGNETISING INRUSH RESTRAINT OVERFLUXING 5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

DDT 12/32
FOR TRANSFORMERS UPTO 5 MVA INDUCTION DISC TYPE BIAS 20,30,40% PICKUP CURRENT 40-100% TIME DELAYED

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION DTH 31/32

FOR TRANSFORMERS ABOVE 5 MVA STATIC HIGH SPEED WITH 2ND & 5TH HARMONIC RESTRAINT

BIAS 15%, 30%, 45%

PICKUP CURRENT 15%

UNBIASED HIGHSET


OPERATING TIME (CYCLES) 6

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION NEED FOR HIGHSET UNIT

LOWSET WITH HAR. RESTRAINT

0 10 20 30 40 FAULT CURRENT (XIn)


OPERATING TIME (CYCLES) 6

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION NEED FOR HIGHSET UNIT

LOWSET WITH HAR. RESTRAINT

INST. HIGHSET ELEMENT

0 10 20 30 40 FAULT CURRENT (XIn)

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

MBCH
BIASED DIFF. RELAY MANY NOVEL FEATURES MBCH 12 FOR 2 WNDG TFRS MBCH 13 FOR 3 WNDG TFRS MBCH 16 FOR OTHER APPLICATIONS

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

TYPICAL MAG INRUSH WAVEFORMS

A
B C

1/3 Cycle minimum

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

COMPARITIVE CHARACTERISTICS (WITHOUT HIGHSET)

OPERATING TIME (CYCLES) RELAY WITH HAR. RESTRAINT 4

2
MBCH 0 10 20 30 40

FAULT CURRENT (XIn)

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION
3

ROLE OF BIAS
Differential current (x In) = I1+ I2 + I3 + I 4

Operate

1 Setting range (0.1 - 0.5) 0 1 2

Restrain
4

Effective bias (x In) = I1 + I 2 + I 3 + I 4 2

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SATURATION DETECTOR

NO SATURATION

I1 I2 I 1 + I2 I1 - I2 I1 I2

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SATURATION DETECTOR

NO SATURATION SATURATION DUE TO THRO FAULT

I1 I2 I 1 + I2 I1 - I2 I1 I2

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION SATURATION DETECTOR

NO SATURATION SATURATION DUE TO THRO FAULT INTERNAL FAULT

I1 I2 I 1 + I2 I1 - I2 I1 I2

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION USE OF ICT

Dy1(-30 )

Interposing CT provides
Vector correction
Yd11(+30 )

Ratio correction Zero sequence compensation

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

VECTOR GROUP CORRECTION

Dy1 (-30 )

Yy0 0

87

Yd11 +30

Yy0, Yd1, Yd5 , Yy6, Yd7, Yd11, Ydy0 0 , -30 , -150 , 180,+150, +30 , 0

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SELECTION OF SUITABLE VECTOR CORRECTION FACTOR

Dy11 (+30 )

Yy0 0

87

Yd1 -30

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT RATIO MISMATCH CORRECTION

33kV : 11kV 10 MVA IL = 175A

200/1

I L = 525A

400/1

0.875A 1A 1.14 1A 0.76

1.31 Amps

87

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

ZERO SEQUENCE COMPENSATION

+VE SEQUENCE CURRENTS BALANCE REQUIRE ZERO SEQUENCE CURRENT TRAPS FOR STABILITY

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION HIGH IMPEDANCE REF

Increased sensitivity for earth faults REF elements for each transformer winding CTs may be shared with differential element

64

64

64


1.0 Current (x full load)

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

LIMITATION OF E/F CURRENT

IF IS R Source IS R

IF

0.2

1.0 0.2 Fault position from neutral

Differential relay setting

10% 20% 30% 40% 50%

% of Star winding protected

58% 41% 28% 17% 7%

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REF CONNECTIONS

3 Phase 3 wire

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REF CONNECTIONS

3 Phase 3 wire

R CAG14

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REF CONNECTIONS

3 Phase 3 wire

Delta winding

R CAG14

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REF CONNECTIONS

3 Phase 3 wire

Delta winding

R CAG14

3 Phase 4 wire

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION REF CONNECTIONS

3 Phase 3 wire

Delta winding

R CAG14 Alt 3 phase 4 wire V

3 Phase 4 wire

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CASE I : NORMAL CONDITION

P1 P2

P2 P1

64

UNDER NORMAL CONDITIONS NO CURRENT FLOWS THRO RELAY

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CASE II : EXTERNAL EARTH FAULT

P1 P2

P2 P1

64

FOR AN EXTERNAL EARTH FAULT, THE CURRENT CIRCULATES BETWEEN THE PHASE & NEUTRAL CTs; NO CURRENT THRO THE RELAY

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

REF CASE III : INTERNAL EARTH FAULT

P1 P2

P2 P1

64

FOR AN INTERNAL EARTH FAULT THE UNBALANCED CURRENT FLOWS THRO THE RELAY

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFF. PROT. FOR AUTO TRANSFORMER

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OVERFLUXING -- BASIC THEORY V = kf

Causes Low frequency High voltage Geomagnetic disturbances 2m

m
Ie

Effects Tripping of differential element (Transient overfluxing) Damage to transformers (Prolonged overfluxing)

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OVERFLUXING PROTECTION
V K f

Trip and alarm outputs for clearing prolonged overfluxing Alarm : Definite time characteristic to initiate corrective action

Trip : IDMT or DT characteristic to clear overfluxing condition

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

BACKUP PROTECTION FOR TRANSFORMERS

INFLUENCING FACTORS : VECTOR CONFIGURATION TYPE OF EARTHING INFEED CONDITIONS

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

STAR -- DELTA UNGROUNDED

~
CAG 37 50
CDG 31 51 64 67 N CDD 21 VDG 14

LOAD

51 CDG 31

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION WHERE DO WE NEED 3 O/C ?

2:1:1 DISTRIBUTION FOR PH--PH FAULT IF MIN. F.C > 4 X FULL LOAD, THEN 2 O/C CAN BE USED

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

UNRESTRICTED E/F PROTECTION

3 x 51 51N

PROVIDES BACKUP PROTECTION FOR SYSTEM TIME DELAY REQUIRED FOR COORDINATION

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

STAR -- STAR INTERCONNECTED

CAG 17 50

50 CAG 17 67 CDD 21 67 N CDD 21

CDD 21

67
67 N

CDD 21

H.S CAN BE APPLIED ON BOTH SIDES

DIREC. O/C & E/F RELAYS ARE PREFERRED

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OVERLOAD PROTECTION
RATING OF A TFR IS BASED ON THE ALLOWABLE TEMPERATURE RISE ABOVE AN ASSUMED MAX. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE SHORT PERIODS OF OVERLOAD ARE PERMISSIBLE TO AN EXTENT DEPENDING ON PREVIOUS LOADING

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

OVERLOAD PROTECTION

(CONTD..)

SUSTAINED EXCESSIVE OVERLOAD LEADS TO DETERIORATION OF INSULATION TEMP. OF 98*C GIVES NORMAL LIFE SPAN OF 20-30 YRS

LIFE SPAN IS HALVED FOR EVERY 6*C TEMP. INCREASE

PROTECTION -- DEFINITE TIME DELAYED O/C

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION TYPICAL PROTECTIONS FOR TRANSFORMER

51

64 51N ICT

51

50N
87

50

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <

DDT
DTH

2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB )
40 In ( RCT+2RL )

@ VK/4, 3%In
@ VK/4, 3%In

MBCH
CAG 14

24 In ( RCT+2RL )
2 IF ( RCT+2RL )

@ VK/2, 10%In
@ VK/2, 3%In

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <

DDT
DTH

2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB )
40 In ( RCT+2RL )

@ VK/4, 3%In
@ VK/4, 3%In

MBCH
CAG 14

24 In ( RCT+2RL )
2 IF ( RCT+2RL )

@ VK/2, 10%In
@ VK/2, 3%In

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <

DDT
DTH

2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB )
40 In ( RCT+2RL )

@ VK/4, 3%In
@ VK/4, 3%In

MBCH
CAG 14

24 In ( RCT+2RL )
2 IF ( RCT+2RL )

@ VK/2, 10%In
@ VK/2, 3%In

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS
RELAY VK > IMAG <

DDT
DTH

2 IF ( RCT+2RL+RB )
40 In ( RCT+2RL )

@ VK/4, 3%In
@ VK/4, 3%In

MBCH
CAG 14

24 In ( RCT+2RL )
2 IF ( RCT+2RL )

@ VK/2, 10%In
@ VK/2, 3%In

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS FOR O/C RELAYS

ELEMENT INST. CLASS 5 P10 OUTPUT VOLTAGE TO DRIVE 2 X ISET

IDMT

5 P 10

TO DRIVE 10 X ISET

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

CT REQUIREMENTS FOR O/C RELAYS

ELEMENT INST. CLASS 5 P10 OUTPUT VOLTAGE TO DRIVE 2 X ISET

IDMT

5 P 10

TO DRIVE 10 X ISET

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SETTING CRITERIA
BIASED DIFF.
CURRENT PICKUP IS SET JUST ABOVE THE STANDING UNBALANCE CURRENT DUE TO OLTC, CT MISMATCH AND ERRORS BIAS SLOPE SHOULD TAKE CARE OF SATURATION DUE TO HEAVY THRO FAULT

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SETTING CRITERIA (CONTD...)

HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFF. & REF
LOWEST POSSIBLE SETTING STAB. RESISTOR = IF (RCT + 2RL)/Is - (VA BURDEN)/ Is2 WHERE IF = RCT = RL = Is = MAX. FAULT CURRENT CT SECONDARY RESISTANCE ONE-WAY LEAD RESISTANCE SETTING CURRENT

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

SETTING CRITERIA (CONTD...)

OVERFLUXING
RELAY CHARACTERISTIC SHOULD MATCH THE TFR WITHSTAND

O/C & E/F

TO BE CO-ORDINATED WITH DOWNSTREAM RELAYS

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

INSTANTANEOUS ELEMENT SETTING

IF

RELAY SETTING > IF AND MAG INRUSH PICKUP = 1.3 X MVA / ( 1.732 X KV X pu IMP.)

THANK YOU

50

51

24

87 64

67 67N

99

WORLD LEADER IN PROTECTION & CONTROL

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