18th CENTURY – AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

FRANCE - Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin, La Fontaine (1733)

• Influenced by Dutch Baroque artist Vermeer (Daily activity)
• Small, honest and humble paintings

FRANCE - Jean Baptiste Simeon Chardin, Pipe and Jug (ca. 1750 ?)
• Very mundane, nothing elaborate.
• End of 18th century, Rococo comes to an abrupt end (Autocracy is
declined)
18th CENTURY – AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

FRANCE – Jean Antoine Houdon

• Portrait Bust - Thomas Jefferson (1789)

FRANCE - Jean Baptipste Greuze, The Village Bride (1781)

• Moralizing genre
• Paris Salon
• Father giving away his daughter, honest painting
NEOCLASSICISM

FRANCE – Jacques Louis David, Oath Of Haratii (1784-85)

• Prix de Rome History Painting
• “exemplum virtuitus” (example of virtue)
• Pompeii excavation
• Revolution of 1789
• 1st to embrace neoclassicism
• Divided into 3 sections, framed by arches
• Oath of allegiance (Defend Rome)

FRANCE – Jacques Louis David, Death of Socrates (1787)

• Ancient Greek subject
• Christian reference – Socrates has 12 students, like
Christ with his 12 apostles
 NEOCLASSICISM

FRANCE – Jacques Louis David, Death of Marat (1793)

• Marat was a writer, close friend of David. Image of a
martyr
• Very stark, gruesome painting
• Heaviness/weight at the bottom
• Very realistic, influenced by Caravaggio

FRANCE – Jacques Louis David

Napoleon at Saint Bernard Pass (1800)
• Painted to make Napoleon look taller
• Idealized – In reality, Napoleon was on a mule
 NEOCLASSICISM

FRANCE – Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (Student of David)

Napoleon Enthroned (1806)
• Linear, crisp, clean, enamel like surface (characteristic of
neoclassical style)
• Eagle – emblem, Roman emperor wore red,
• Laurel reef crown – given to Olympic athletes, etc.

FRANCE – Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

(Student of David)
Grande Odalisque (1841)
• Harem girl
• Influenced by mannerist style (long arm)
NEOCLASSICISM

FRANCE – Jacques Germain Soufflot, Pantheon, Paris (1755-92)

• Called Sainte Genevieve when Soufflot designed it.

ITALY – Antonio Canova, Cupid and Psyche (1787-1793)

NEOCLASSICISM

ITALY – Antonio Canova,

Maria Paolina Borghese as Venus (1808)
• Maria was Napoleon’ sister, made to represent Venus.
• Very idealized, semi nude

AMERICA – Benjiman West, Death of General Wolfe (1770)

• Contemporary history painting
• Emotional
NEOCLASSICISM

AMERICA – John Singleton Copley, Watson and the Shark (1778)

• Subject matter is Romantic, but style of painting is Neoclassical

AMERICA – John Singleton Copley, Paul Revere (ca. 1768-1770)

 NEOCLASSICISM

AMERICA – Burlington and Kent, Chiswick House, London (1725)

• Inspired by Villa Rotunda
• Symmetrical, octagonal dome, Corinthian columns

AMERICA – Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Virginia (1769-1809)

• Influenced by Chiswick House and Villa Rotunda
• Built with brick and wood, painted to look like marble
ROMANTICISM

FRANCE – Antoine Jean Gros, Napoleon at Jaffa (1804)

• Student of David
• Contemporary history painting
• Neoclassical – Rational, logical, analytical – THINKING
(Renaissance)
• Romantic – Feeling, emotion, passion – FEELING
(Baroque)

FRANCE – Theodore Gericault, Raft of the Medusa (1819)

• Student of David
• History painting
• Human pyramid, drama, ship in horizon, big wave taking
everything down
• Gericault died when he was 32 (Fell off a horse)
ROMANTICISM

FRANCE – Eugene Delacroix, Massacre at Chios (1822-24)

• One of the most important French artist representing the
Romanticism style
• Contemporary history painting
• Island of Chios - story
• Everything pushed on the sides – focus is the empty space
• 1st artist to study the theories of local and optical color

FRANCE – Eugene Delacroix, Death of Sardanapalus (1826)

• Painterly style – looks like a Baroque painting
ROMANTICISM

FRANCE – Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People (1830)

• Very admired painting
• Revolution of 1830
• Allegorical figure – holding the flag, wearing a bonnet on her
head
• Semi nude – classical influence

FRANCE – Francois Rude, La Marseillaise (1833-36)

• French National Anthem
• Departure of the volunteers of 1792
• High relief sculpture
• Arch de Triumph, Paris
 ROMANTICISM

SPAIN – Francisco Goya, Family of Charles IV (1800)

• David and Goya were very similar artists with almost same
birth and death dates – both influenced by Napoleon
• Corrupt family, incompetent of ruling
• Goya included himself in the painting – influenced by
Velázquez in Las Meninas
• Goya is in shadow – almost ashamed to be associated with
the Royal family

SPAIN – Francisco Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters (1798)

• Frontispiece to Los Caprichos series
• Aquatint and Etching – 1st artist to master this technique
• Related to the ideas of enlightenment, which has gone to sleep
 ROMANTICISM

SPAIN – Francisco Goya, Third of May, 1808 (1814)

• Natural/Real event
• Overlaps Romanticism and Realism
• He man about to be shot, looks innocent – wearing a
pure/white shit.
• Hands up/out like Christ – Crucifiction
• Painted 4 years after the actual event, for everyone to see
and remember what had happened

SPAIN – Francisco Goya, Saturn Devouring his Children (1820-22)

• Goya develops hearing problems in the later years of his life – paints
“Black paintings” during this time
• Isolated genius
ROMANTICISM

ENGLAND – William Blake, ancient of Days (1794)

• Painter, poet, printmaker
• Influenced by Michelangelo

ENGLAND – John Constable, The Haywain (1820)

• Sense of nostalgia, characterizing it’s romantic
notion
• Painted identifiable landscapes
ROMANTICISM

ENGLAND – Jopseph Mallord William Turner,

The Slave Ship (1840)
• Edmund Burke and the “Sublime”
• Painterly artist/approach – Landscape/Seascape
• Painting based on a national historical event –
Slave trade

ENGLAND – Jopseph Mallord William Turner,

Burning of the Houses of Lords & Commons (1835)
• Very abstract
• “Sublime” – Concept very important for romantic
artist. Terrifying awe – good thing, but terrifying at
the same time
ROMANTICISM

ENGLAND – Horace Walpole, Strawberry Hill (1749-77)

• Anti classical
• Inspired by Gothic/Medieval style (Revival)

ENGLAND – John Nash, Royal Pavilion, Brighton (1815-18)

• Islamic architecture
• Influenced by Taj Mahal
• Onion dome
ROMANTICISM

ENGLAND – Barry and Pugin,

Houses of Parliament, London (1836-70)
• Gothic Revival
• Big Ben
• Part of nostalgia – how things used to be
 REALISM

FRANCE – Gustave Courbet, Burial at Ornans (1849)

• Oven grave – Inspired by his grandfathers burial – Genre scene
• Revolution of 1848
• Socialism
• Focus on the eyes, the real world, Mundane activities, here and
now, observational facts, things that are experienced, no
judgment – neutral
• Courbet –Self taught, painted several self portraits in different
costumes. Big ego. Liked to create a stir with his work

FRANCE – Gustave Courbet, The Stone Breakers (1849)

• Big painting (about 10’ across)
• Courbet was a socialist politically
• Painting depicts harsh/grim reality of the society
• Faces not seen – every person
• Young and Old man, both not right age for this hard work
• Figures very close to the foreground – in your face
• Socialist defend his work as they like the message he is portraying
REALISM

FRANCE – Gustave Courbet,

Interior of My Studio: A Real Allegory (1855)
• “Realist Manifesto”
• Focal point – Courbet himself

FRANCE – Honore Daumier, Rue Transnonian (1834)

• Lithograph – Looks like a pencil/charcoal drawing
• Depicts the event after it has happened
• Influence of photography ( recently developed)
• Anticlassical composition – cropping
• Based on accounts of what happened
REALISM

FRANCE – Honore Daumier, Third Class Carriage (1862)

• No one is interacting with each other
• Mother, daughter and grandchild – no dad. Growing
reality of the society - Divorce

FRANCE – Jean Francois Millet, The Gleaners (1857)

• Women gleaning the field after the harvesting party
has moved on
• Like Courbet, you cannot see the faces of the figures
• 3 grain stacks in the background echoed by the 3
women in the foreground
• Women wearing caps in Blue, Red and Yellow
(primary colors)
 REALISM

FRANCE – Rosa Bonheur, Plowing in the Nivernals (1849)

• Very successful artist. Won numerous awards
• Loved painting animals – owned lions
• Trained by her father, who was a painter
• Painting overlaps between romanticism and realism
• She had to get permission (renew every 6 months) to
be able to wear pants in public

FRANCE – Rosa Bonheur, The Horse Fair (1853)

 REALISM

USA – Thomas Cole, The Oxbow (1836)

• “Hudson River School” – capturing the American country
landscape
• Landscape paintings are big in the 19th century
• Thomas Cole – Father of American landscape paintings
• Recognizable landscape
• Artist included himself in the painting
• Overlaps between romanticism and realism

USA – Winslow Homer, Breezing Up (1873-76)

• Homer liked to paint people – genre scenes – bring
the past back to life
REALISM

USA – Thomas Eakins, The Gross Clinic (1875)

• Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts – Professor
• Depicts Dr. Gross demonstrating a surgery to his
students. Being helped by his assistants
• On the left with her face covered is the mother of the
patient

ENGLAND – William Holman Hunt, Hireling Shepherd (1851)

• The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood – Group of 3 artists
(William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and John
Everett Maillais) who believed that true/good art only
prevailed till the time of Raphael
• Lots of iconography ?
 REALISM

ENGLAND – William Holman Hunt, Awakening Conscience (1853)

• “Victorian Period”
• The women is the mistress – she’s looking out the window
realizing she’s been doing wrong

ENGLAND – Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ecce Ancilla Domini (1850)

• Biblical/ Annunciation scene (painted like Frangelico) – flat halos
• Rossetti often used family members as models – Mary is Rossetti’s
sister
 REALISM

ENGLAND – John Everett Millais, John Ruskin (1854)

ENGLAND – John Everett Millais, Christ in the House of his Parents(1850)

• Joseph, the carpenter (father)
• John, the Baptist (cousin) with a bowl of water
• Building a door
• Jesus' hand is hurt/bleeding – Illusion of the crucifiction
 REALISM

ENGLAND – Joseph Paxton, Crystal Palace, London (1850-51)

• Cast Iron/glass
• Paxton was a green house (for plants) designer
• After the world fair, the entire place was taken down and
reassembled in a different place. It finally burnt down –
does not exist today.
 IMPRESSIONISM

Edouard Manet, Luncheon on the Grass (1863)

• Salon des Refuses – Salon of the refused. Painting got a lot of
attention
• Influence – Giorgione’s Fete Champetre. Manet updated the
theme – Businessmen have lunch in park with prostitutes
• Composition – Raphael's engraving. People were very
offended
• Very flat painting – no shading or modeling. shallow sense of
space.

Edouard Manet, Olympia (1865)

• “epater la bourgeoisie”
• Influenced by Venus by Titian
• Olympia very flat, no shading or modeling.
• Same model as Luncheon on the grass
• Assertive, self confident prostitute living quite luxuriously
 IMPRESSIONISM

Edouard Manet, Zola (1868)

• Portrait of his friend Emanuel
Zola
• Very flat, but high contrast
• No personality in the figure
Edouard Manet,
Bar at the Folies-Bergere (1881-82)

Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise (1872)

IMPRESSIONISM

Claude Monet, The Railroad Bridge (1874)

• “plein-air”

Claude Monet, Gare St. Lazare (1877)

IMPRESSIONISM

Claude Monet, Rouen Cathedral (1894)

• Series paintings

Pierre Auguste Renoir, Moulin de la Galette (1876)

IMPRESSIONISM

Pierre Auguste Renoir, Luncheon of the Boating Party (1881)

Edgar Degas, Dancing Lesson (1883-85)

• “japonisme”
IMPRESSIONISM

Edgar Degas, The Tub (1886)

• Pastel

Edgar Degas, Young Dancer Fourteen Years Old (1880-81)

• Mixed Media
IMPRESSIONISM

Mary Cassatt, Boating Party (1893-94)

Mary Cassatt, The Bath (1892)

IMPRESSIONISM

Berthe Morisot, The Cradle (1873)

Auguste Rodin, The Thinker (1879-89)

IMPRESSIONISM

Auguste Rodin, Burghers of Calais (1884-89)

Auguste Rodin, Balzac (1891-97)

 IMPRESSIONISM

James Abbott McNeil Whistler,

Arrangement in Black and Grey (1871)
• Portrait of the artist’s mother

James Abbott McNeil Whistler,

Nocturne in Black and Gold (1875) The Falling Rocket
IMPRESSIONISM

Charles Garnier, The Opera, Paris (1861-74)

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Georges Seurat,
Sunday Afternoon on the Island of the Grande Jatte (1884-86)
• Chevreul, Law of Simultaneous Contrasts
• Complementary colors
• Pointalism, divisionism, “neo-impressionism”

Vincent Van Gogh, Potato Eaters (1885)

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Vincent Van Gogh, Self Portrait (1889)

• Brother Theo

Vincent Van Gogh, Night Café (1888)

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Vincent Van Gogh, Bedroom at Aries (1889)

Vincent Van Gogh, Wheatfield with Reaper (1889)

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Vincent Van Gogh, Starry Night (1889)

• St. Remy
• Impasto

Paul Gauguin, Vision After the Sermon (1888) (Jacob & the Angel)
• Brittany
POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Paul Gauguin, Self Portrait with Halo (1889)

Paul Gauguin, Nevermore (1897)

• Tahiti
• “Primitive”, “Savage”
POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Paul Gauguin,
Where Do We Come From?.... (1897)

Paul Cezanne, Bay from L’Estaque (1886)

 POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Paul Cezanne, Self Portrait (1872)

Paul Cezanne, Self Portrait (1879)

Paul Cezanne, Basket of Apples (1895)

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Paul Cezanne, Mont Sainte-Victoire (1904-06)

Paul Cezanne, The Large Bathers (1898-1905)

POST-IMPRESSIONISM

Gustave Eiffle, Eiffle Tower (1887-89)

Louis Sullivan, Wainwright Building (1890-91)