EE369

POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Lecture 3
Three Phase, Power System Operation

Tom Overbye and Ross Baldick
1
Reading and Homework
For lecture 3 read Chapters 1 and 2
For lectures 4 through 6 read Chapter 4
we will not be covering sections 4.7, 4.11, and
4.12 in detail,
We will return to chapter 3 later.
HW 2 is Problems 2.27, 2.28, 2.30, 2.32,
2.33, 2.35, 2.37, 2.40 (need to install
PowerWorld); due Thursday 9/13.
HW 3 is Problems 2.41, 2.43, 2.46, 2.49,
2.50, 2.51, 2.52; due Thursday 9/20.
2
Per Phase Analysis
Per phase analysis allows analysis of balanced
3| systems with the same effort as for a single
phase system.
Balanced 3| Theorem: For a balanced 3|
system with:
All loads and sources Y connected,
No mutual Inductance between phases.
3
Per Phase Analysis, contd
Then
All neutrals are at the same potential,
All phases are COMPLETELY decoupled,
All system values are the same sequence as
sources. That is, peaks of phases occur in the
same order. The sequence order weve been
using (phase b lags phase a and phase c lags phase
b) is known as positive sequence; in EE368 well
discuss negative and zero sequence systems.

4
Per Phase Analysis Procedure
To do per phase analysis
1. Convert all A load/sources to equivalent Ys.
2. Solve phase a independent of the other
phases
3. Total system power S = 3 V
a
I
a
*
4. If desired, phase b and c values can be
determined by inspection (i.e., 120 degree
phase shifts)
5. If necessary, go back to original circuit to
determine line-line values or internal A values.

5
Per Phase Example
Assume a 3|, Y-connected generator with
V
an
= 1Z0 volts supplies a A-connected load
with Z
A
= -jO through a transmission line
with impedance of j0.1O per phase. The
load is also connected to a A-connected
generator with V
ab
= 1Z0 through a
second transmission line which also has an
impedance of j0.1O per phase.
Find
1. The load voltage V
ab

2. The total power supplied by each
generator, S
Y
and S
A

6
Per Phase Example, contd
First convert the delta load and source to equivalent
Y values and draw just the "a" phase circuit
7
+
-
Per Phase Example, contd
a' a' a'
To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'
1
(V 1 0)( 10 ) V (3 ) (V j
3
j j Z + + Z30)(10 ) = 0
8
Per Phase Example, contd
a' a' a'
a'
a' b'
c' a'b'
To solve the circuit, write the KCL equation at a'
1
(V 1 0)( 10 ) V (3 ) (V j
3
10
(10 60 ) V (10 3 10 )
3
V 0.9 volts V 0.9 volts
V 0.9 volts V 1.56
j j
j j j j
Z + + Z30)(10 ) = 0
+ Z = +
= Z10.9 = Z130.9
= Z109.1 = Z19 volts .1
9
Per Phase Example, contd
*
*
'
ygen
*
'' '
''
S 3 5.1 3.5 VA
0.1
3 5.1 4.7 VA
0.1
a a
a a a
a a
gen a
V V
V I V j
j
V V
S V j
j
A
| |

= = = +
|
\ .
| |

= =
|
\ .
10
Power System Operations Overview
Goal is to provide an intuitive feel for power
system operation
Emphasis will be on the impact of the
transmission system
Introduce basic power flow concepts through
small system examples

11
Power System Basics
All power systems have three major
components: Generation, Load and
Transmission/Distribution.
Generation: Creates electric power.
Load: Consumes electric power.
Transmission/Distribution: Transmits electric
power from generation to load.
Lines/transformers operating at voltages above 100
kV are usually called the transmission system. The
transmission system is usually networked.
Lines/transformers operating at voltages below 100
kV are usually called the distribution system (radial).
12
Small PowerWorld Simulator Case


Bus 2 Bus 1
Bus 3
Home Area
204 MW
102 MVR
150 MW
150 MW
37 MVR
116 MVR
102 MW
51 MVR
1.00 PU
-20 MW
4 MVR
20 MW
-4 MVR
-34 MW
10 MVR
34 MW
-10 MVR
14 MW
-4 MVR
-14 MW
4 MVR
1.00 PU
1.00 PU
106 MW
0 MVR
100 MW
AGC ON
AVR ON
AGC ON
AVR ON
Load with
green
arrows
indicating
amount
of MW
flow
Used
to control
output of
generator
Direction of arrow is used to indicate
direction of real power (MW) flow
Note the
power
balance at
each bus
13
Power Balance Constraints
Power flow refers to how the power is moving
through the system.
At all times in the simulation the total power
flowing into any bus MUST be zero!
This is due to Kirchhoffs current law. It can
not be repealed or modified!
Power is lost in the transmission system.
14
Basic Power Control
Opening a circuit breaker causes the power
flow to (nearly) instantaneously change.
No other way to directly control power flow in
an AC transmission line.
By changing generation we can indirectly
change this flow.

15
Transmission Line Limits
Power flow in transmission line is limited by
heating considerations.
Losses (I
2
R) can heat up the line, causing it to
sag.
Each line has a limit:
Simulator does not allow you to continually
exceed this limit.
Many transmission owners use winter/summer
limits.
Some transmission owners are moving to
dynamic ratings that consider temperature etc.
16
Overloaded Transmission Line
17
Interconnected Operation
Power systems are interconnected across large
distances. For example most of North America
east of the Rockies is one system, most of North
America west of the Rockies is another.
Most of Texas and Quebec are each
interconnected systems.
Individual transmission owners in the East and
West own and operate parts of the system,
which is referred to as a balancing area (or an
operating area or area).
ERCOT is operated as one area.
18
Control Area
(or Balancing Authority Area)
Transmission lines that join two areas are
known as tie-lines.
The net power out of an area is the sum of the
flow on its tie-lines.
The flow out of an area is equal to:

total gen - total load - total losses = tie-flow
19
Area Control Error (ACE)
The area control error is a combination of:
the deviation of frequency from nominal, and
the difference between the actual flow out of an
area and the scheduled flow.
Ideally the ACE should always be zero.
Because the load is constantly changing,
each area must constantly change its
generation to chase the ACE.
In ERCOT, ACE is predominantly due to
frequency deviations from nominal.
20
Automatic Generation Control
Automatic generation control (AGC) is used to
automatically change generation to keep the
ACE close to zero.
Usually the utility control center or
independent system operator calculates ACE
based upon tie-line flows and frequency; then
the AGC module sends control signals out to
the generators every couple of seconds to
adjust generation.
21
Three Bus Case on AGC
Bus 2 Bus 1
Bus 3
Home Area
266 MW
133 MVR
150 MW
250 MW
34 MVR
166 MVR
133 MW
67 MVR
1.00 PU
-40 MW
8 MVR
40 MW
-8 MVR
-77 MW
25 MVR
78 MW
-21 MVR
39 MW
-11 MVR
-39 MW
12 MVR
1.00 PU
1.00 PU
101 MW
5 MVR
100 MW
AGC ON
AVR ON
AGC ON
AVR ON
Net tie flow is
close to zero
Generation
is automatically
changed to match
change in load
22