Presented By:

Osama Elhassan Mohamed 054017 Mohamed Baha-Eldin Sid-Ahmed 054055 Moez Mohamed Abd-Alrahman 054084

Mohamed Baha

 Hydropower

(from hydro meaning water) is energy that comes from the force of moving water. Hydropower is called a renewable energy source because the water on the earth is continuously replenished by precipitation. As long as the water cycle continues, we wont run out of this energy source.

 To

generate electricity, water must be in motion. This is kinetic (moving) energy. When flowing water turns blades in a turbine, the form is changed to mechanical (machine) energy. The turbine turns the generator rotor which then converts this mechanical energy into electrical energy

 Irrigation
Flood

mitigation. Clean water supply

 Diversion

(Run of river plants) Impoundment (Storage/reservoir plants) Pump storage plants

 The

running water of the river is used for the generation of electricity. There is no facility for storing the water. Whenever the water is available the hydroelectric power plant generates electricity and when there is no water no power is generated. During rainy seasons when there is maximum flow of water available in the rivers, they produce maximum power It is suitable for low consumption at remote areas

 Usually

requires construction of a dam or dams to create new lakes. Attractive because they can provide stored power during peak demand periods. Creation of small hydro plants is not financially viable except, at isolated locations where the value of energy is very high.

 When

the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir to generate electricity. The recycling of water results in a net consumption of energy, so energy used to pump water has to be generated by other sources.

 Dam
Penstock Spillway Turbine Generator Power

lines

Impulse turbine
+ Pelton + Cross-flow

Reaction turbine
+ Propeller
- Bulb turbine - Straflo

- Tube turbine

- Kaplan

+ Francis + Kinetic

 Reaction

Turbines

It Develops power from the combined action of pressure drop and moving water. Totally immersed in water Angular & linear motion converted to shaft power Suited to low head, high flow applications.

Impulse

Turbines

Generally uses the velocity of the water to move the runner No pressure drop across turbines Suited to high head, low flow applications.

 PELTON

Turbines FRANCIS Turbines KAPLAN Turbines

How it works? Water passes through nozzles and strikes buckets, which causes the runner to rotate, producing mechanical rotational motion of the turbine that is transmitted by the shaft to a generator. How to control? Can be controlled by adjusting the flow of water to the buckets. Alterations in the load on the generator necessitate small adjustments by a device which deflects part of the water jet away from the buckets.(sometimes shut the valve off) Efficiency Multi-jet units are specified to increase the flow range over which high turbine efficiencies can be obtained.

Advantages
It can operate on silt laden water. Nozzle and deflector plate can be easily repaired, and after longer periods the runner can be repaired by welding. Speed-load control is usually carried out by the deflector, which ensures no pipeline surge even on full load rejection. No danger of cavitation damage to the runner or casing.

 Features:

Contains a runner that has water passes through it formed by curved vanes or blades. The runner blades, typically 9 to 19 in number and cannot be adjusted.

 How

it works?

As the water passes through the runner and over the curved surfaces, it causes rotation of the runner. The rotational motion is transmitted by a shaft to a generator.

 The

work principle is same as Franciss principle. Has adjustable blades , and gates to control the angle of the fluid flow into the blades.

 The

adjustable runner blades enable high efficiency even in the range of partial load, and there is little drop in efficiency due to head variation or load.

Moez Mohamed

Turbine governors are equipments for the control and adjustment of the turbine power output and evening out deviations between power and the grid load as fast as possible.

 The

turbine governors have to comply with two major purposes:

1.To keep the rotational speed stable and constant of the turbine-generator unit at any grid load and prevailing conditions in the water conduit. 2. At load rejections or emergency stops the turbine admission have to be closed down.

 The

governor function for a turbine with water conduit is shown in the block diagram

The input reference signal is compared with the speed feedback signal. By a momentary change in the load a deviation between the generator power output and the load occurs. This deviation causes the unit inertia masses either to accelerate or to decelerate. The output of this process is the speed, which again is compared with the reference.

simple but classic example of a turbine governor is shown schematically in the figure:

 This

is a governor with a belt driven centrifugal pendulum. For explaining the governor actions it is chosen to start at a moment of stable equilibrium between power and load. In this condition the control valve is closed by the spool, which is in the neutral position.

 When

a decrease in the grid load occurs, the rotational speed starts increasing and the pendulum sleeve and the connected end of the floating lever moves upwards. The lever moves the spool accordingly upward out of the neutral position and opens the hydraulic conduits to the servomotor. High-pressure oil flows to the piston topside.

 The

piston moves downwards and reduces the gate opening and the turbine power. At the moment when the power is equal to the load, the rotational speed culminates.

 At

this moment however, the spool valve is still open. The piston movement continues and the power output decreases even more. Consequently the speed decreases and the pendulum sleeve and the spool are moving downwards again. During this movement the spool valve passes the neutral position and opens

 then

for high-pressure oil flow to the opposite side of the piston. The piston movement is thereby returned and the power output increasing. Next time the rotational speed culminates the power again is equal to the load and therefore a succeeding swing in the speed and power output take place as previously described

 An

electronic load governor works by automatically adjusting the load so the generator always turns at exactly the right speed. In effect, it is always slowing the generator down just enough to produce correct voltage and frequency. Electronic load governors constantly monitor voltage or frequency, adding or subtracting electrical loads as necessary to compensate for human usage.

 An

electronic load governor is highly effective for small systems up to about 12kW.

 Why
For

it is used:

automatically determination of the set of optimal operating angles for the variable pitch blades of a Kaplan-type turbine which has movable gates and is controlled by a governor and an electronic 3D cam.

 The

advantage of using 3D CAM:

The

efficiency value is computed for each of the measured operating points and are compared to identify a peak efficiency value.

Osama E. Mohammed

 Sedimentation/Silting:

Deposition of silt in the reservoir Cause reduction of water storage capacity Minimized by reclamation/dredging

Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater, in shallow seas or fresh water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different location.

Reclamation is the process of reclaiming something from loss or from a less useful condition.

 Cavitation:

Formation of water vapor & air bubbles due to reduction of pressure. Occurs mainly at discharge end of runner and blades.

By measuring of pressure fluctuations at the draft tube inlet and outlet. By visual or photographic observation of the vapor bubbles on the runner blades. By observation of the noise and vibration inside the turbine.

Cavitation prevention:

Optimum selection of materials and dimensions of runner. selection of specific speed polishing surfaces

Cracks appears in water flow paths. Impacts:

Leakage of water. If arrived critical fatigue, it will make a water explosion. Fabricated cracks. High water pressure and/or flow rate. By measuring of pressure. Noticeable leakages.

Caused by:

Detection:

Prevention: Proper selection of materials. Avoid to use turbines out of safe regions. Repairing the small cracks.

 Ecological

Impacts

On lands:

Loss of forests, wildlife habitat, species. Disrupt transfer of sediment and nutrients compete other uses for land that may be more highly valued than electricity generation.

Pollution:

Doesn't pollute the air (No emission of Co2, Nox, Sox, etc..). Rotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gases.

Aquatic Biodiversity

Offers a variety of opportunities: fishing, swimming and boating in upstream area. But Loss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other downstream services. Increase evaporative losses Altering river flows and natural flooding cycles Sedimentation/silting Negative impact on water quality. Mercury, nitrates, oxygen. Bacterial and viral infections.

Natural Hydrology

Water chemistry:

 Social

Impacts

Humans, flora, and fauna may lose their natural habitat . Inundation and displacement of people Structural dam failure risks

Positive
Emissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates Renewable resource with high conversion efficiency to electricity (80+%) Dispatchable with storage capacity

Negative
Frequently involves impoundment of large amounts of water with loss of habitat due to land inundation Variable output dependent on rainfall and snowfall Impacts on river flows and aquatic ecology, including fish migration and oxygen depletion Social impacts of displacing indigenous people Health impacts in developing countries High initial capital costs Long lead time in construction of large projects

Usable for base load, peaking and pumped storage applications Scalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MW Low operating and maintenance costs Long lifetimes

 Merowe

dam:

Impounds Locale Length Height

River Nile Merowe, S udan 9 km (5.6 mi) 67 m (220 ft) Creates Capacity Merowe Reservoir 12.5 km (3 .0 cu mi)
3

Turbines Installed capacity

10 125MW 1,250 MW

Annual generation

5.5 TWh

Constructio 1.2 billion n cost

reservoir information

Pumped sto No rage

power generation information

Other hydropower sources in Sudan:

DAM Rosseris (Blue Nile) CAPACITY 280MW

Jabal Awliaa (White Nile)

30MW

Khashm Algirbah (Atbara 17MW river) Sinnar (Blue Nile ) 15MW

Total HydroPower 1592MW

 Three

Georges Dam in china

Official name Impounds Length Height Width (at base)

Yangtze River 2,335 metres (7,661 ft) 185 metres (607 ft)
[1]

115 metres (377 ft) Crest:40 metres (131 ft)

Construction began Opening date Construction cost

December 14, 1994 2011 Est. 180 billion yuan (26 billionU.S. dollars)

Maintained by

China Three Gorges Dam Project

Reservoir information Creates Three Gorges Reservoir

Capacity
Catchment area Surface area Power generation information Turbines

39.3 km (31,900,000 acreft)

1,000,000 km (390,000 sq mi) 1,045 km (403 sq mi)
2 2

32

Installed capacity
Annual generation

22,500 MW
100