PERSPECTIVES IN PSYCHOLOGY

There are different perspectives or viewpoints in psychology Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Humanistic, Biological, cognitive, Socio-cultural & Evolutionary perspectives are some example Each perspective focus on the subject matter of psychology in somewhat different way

Psychodynamic perspective
Propounded by Sigmund Freud Holds that behavior is the function of unconscious mind, personality structure and early childhood experience Because these factors do play role in behavior psychology should focus its attention on such factors to understand behavior

Psychodynamic contd
Unconscious mind have contents of which we are largely unaware of Contents of unconscious mind largely affect our behaviors Shameful events, painful experiences and socially unacceptable desires are stored in unconscious level of mind

Psychody
Personality of each individual has three competing forces The Id, Ego and superego Id operates according to pleasure principle Ego operates according to Reality principle Superego operates according to Morality principle

 Till the ego is able to balance the demands of Id and Superego individual is normal Thus the interaction between Id, Ego & Superego play vital role in both normal and abnormal behaviors Each individual passses through five stages of psychosexual stages: oral, anal phallic, latency and genital

 For individual to be normal he should successfully resolve the conflict aroused due to Individuals get sexual pleasure from various parts of the body (Erogenous Zones) in different stages of psychosexual development. Undersatisfaction or over satisfaction in each stage results in fixation

 Fixation is excessive investment of psychich energy in a particular stage Fixation results in various psychological problems

REFRESH YOURSELF

AMAZING HOTELS OF WORLD

Behavioral Perspective
Contributed by Watson, Pavlov & Skinner Holds that behavior results from learning Human beings are neutral at birth and it is learning that contribute for both normal and abnormal behavior of individual Heredity and unconscious mind have little or no role to play in behavior

Behavioral contd
Focus should be paid in reinforcement and punishment because these are the factors that play role in learning and behavior

Humanistic perspective
Key contributors: Carl Roger, Maslow Assumption: Human beings are positive & have enormous power for growth Behavior results from inherent need for growth (Psychological growth: need to become what one is able to be) Focus on free will, subjective experience (Psychology should focus on individuals subjective experience) & uniqueness of individual

Evolutionary Perspective
Key Contributor D.M. Buss This theory is influenced by Darwins theory of natural selection According to this theory, behavior is influenced by Inheritance, Variation within & among species & natural selection Variation refers to the fact that organisms belonging to a given species vary in many different ways

 Inheritance refers to the fact that some of these variations can be passed from one generation to the next Selection refers to the fact that nature always selects those who are best in adaptation : Those who are unable to adapt will gradually decrease

Evolutionary
Believe that most of the behaviors that human show are the result of evolution. Psychology should focus on evolution to completely understand the behavior

CLONING

THIS WILL BE THE RESULT IF CLONING GOES WRONG

Social and Cultural (SocioCultural) perspective

Major contributors of this perspective are Janet Hyde and David Matsumoto this perspective believe that behavior is the result of socio cultural factors explains how our personality, belief, attitude, skill and values are shaped by our culture, ethnicity, gender, religion and other important socio-cultural factors

Cognitive Perspective
key contributors of this approach are George Miller, Jerome Bruner and Ulrich Neisser focuses its attention on the role of cognition in behavior : the mental act or process by which knowledge is acquired cognition refers to the processing of information that we receive through senses It is the cognition that determines our response

 Abnormal behavior results from problem in cognitive process