Module 3.

1: Encoding and Modulating

Conversion Schemes
D to D Conversion A to A Conversion A to D Conversion D to A Conversion Final comments Why 56k modems, not more?

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Different Conversion Schemes

Some Jargon: D to D encoding or conversion. Encoding means representation of data into digital signal A to D conversion or digitizing analog signal. D to A conversion or modulating digital signal. A to A conversion or modulating analog signal.

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Digital to Digital Conversion

Different D/D encoding Cost Voltage level Number of levels Number of signal changes Speed Synchronization Detection Reliability noise Bit errors

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Examples of Polar Encoding

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Analog to Analog Conversion

Examples are radio, TV, and satellite communication

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Amplitude Modulation

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Frequency Modulation

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Structure of Telephone System

End office, known also as local central office Local loops (twisted pairs, analog signaling) Trunks (fiber optics or microwave, mostly digital) Intermediate switches
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Need for A/D and D/A conversions

Modem converts D/A signals Codec converts A/D signals

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Analog to Digital Conversion (Codec)

First Step: Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

According to Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be at least two times the frequency to ensure the accurate reproduction of the original signal.

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Second step: Quantized PAM Signal

Quantizing Using Sign and Magnitude

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Third Step: Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Remember this
Out of each sample, Telephone companies only uses the upper 7 bits. The lower bit (bit 0) is always assumed to be 0. For example, sampling values: +024 +024, +038 +038, +025 +024, +039 +038 This is not affecting sampling values much. In transmission, the most significant bit is used for control purposes, as we will see later.

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From Analog to PCM digital signal

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Digital to Analog Modulation (Modem)

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Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

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Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)

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Phase Shift Keying (PSK)

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)

QAM means combining ASK and PSK in such a way we have the maximum contrast between each bit, dibit, tribit, quadbit, and so on.

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Comments

Bit rate is the number of bits per second. Baud rate is the number of signal units per second. The encoding/represenation of one baud is called symbol. Baud rate is less than or equal to the bit rate.
ITU-T modem

Baud Rate
300
600 2400 2400

Bit Rate
300
1200 9600 28800 or (33600)

Modulation
FSK
4-PSK 16-QAM 4096-QAM (data compression)

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V.22 V.29 V.34

Shanon formula and quantization limits data rate to 33.6kbps. How about 56K modems? 56K modems are achieved if we have an ISP that uses digital signaling. Uploading will always be 33.6k due to PCM quantization at the CO Codec. However, downloading can be 56k since there is no PCM quantization at the CO Codec. Quantization always limits the data rate. Why only 56K in downloading? Because of the way voice is digitized. CO switches use PCM and inverse PCM at sampling rate of 8000 samples and 7 bits per sample, which gives 8000 x 7 of data rate.
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Why 56k?

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Traditional Modems

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56K modems

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