Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
cellular system (Frequency modulation) Ex (US) AMPS (Advanced mobile telephone system) (Europe) TACS (Total access comm sys)
Second Generation (2G) Uses digital multiple access technology (TDMA or CDMA) Ex GSM (Global system for mobile comm) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) D-AMPS (Digital AMPS) CT2 (Cordless telephone) PACS (Personal access comm sys) DECT4 (Digital european cordless telephone)
Will be introduced in detail in later classes
2.5 G mobile systems More data centric Information (Voice or data) can be broken into packets and routed by network Offers wireless multimedia IP based services and apps Ex GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) EDGE ( Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution)
Fully multimedia oriented Seamless services across wired and wireless network Universal Mobility Uses advanced/Hybrid Multiple access techniques Ex UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecomm System) MBS (Mobile Broadband System) CDMA 2000
3G Standard efforts
The Need
The world is undergoing a major telecommunication revolution that will provide the ubiquitous communication access to citizens, wherever they are. The wireless telecommunication industry requires engineers who can design and develop new wireless system, make meaningful comparison of existing systems, and understand the engineering trade-offs
Standards
The standards assures the interoperability of products and services, manufactures of the equipments and the service providers. The standards assure the quality of the products. It helps the user to have stability and confidence in a particular technology or application.
There is a high possibility of reduced cost due to the mass manufacturing (improved availability) with the help of regulations.
EIA (Electronic Industries Association) IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers) Bellcore (Bell communications research) TIA (Telecommunication Industry Association)
International marketing , legislative efforts and standards development. To control use of radio spectrum
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) is a specialized United Nations agency, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinate telecommunications matters among member countries. Use of the radio spectrum is largely coordinated through the Radio communications Sector (ITU-R), which develops technical coordination criteria and standards for such use, and through various periodic conferences attended by member nations of the ITU.
It is an open forum that unites 490 members from 34 countries, representing administrations, network operators, manufacturers, service providers, and users.
Any European organization proving an interest in promoting European telecommunications standards has the right to represent that interest in ETSI and thus to directly influence the standards-making process.
Wireless forums are typically a consortium of companies who band together to promote the development and acceptance of a specific technology. The companies typically will have some vested interest in the technology either as service providers, test equipment manufactures, or wireless products manufacturers. These organizations conduct seminars and work with standards committees throughout the world. Some of these organizations are non-profit. CDMA CDG-CDMA Development Group GSM GSM MoU Association TDMA IS-136 Universal Wireless Communications Consortium
ANSI
Industry VOTE
supports 8 time slotted users for each 200 Khz radio channel Deployed in Europe, Asia, Australia, south America and some parts of US 3 time slotted users for 30Khz each Popular in North America, South America and Australia Japanese TDMA standard 64 Users orthogonally coded and simultaneously transmitted on each 1.25Mhz channel. Widely deployed in North America, Korea, Japan, China, south America, and Australia
NADC
PDC
cdmaOne