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HARMONICS: A sinusoidal waveform with a frequency that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency.
Harmonic Frequencies
Fundamental (60hz) & 5th Harmonic (300hz)
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Both the fundamental (60 HZ) and the fifth harmonic (300HZ) are purely sinusoidal. All harmonic frequencies are sinusoidal when viewed individually. They appear as complex or distorted waves when viewed simultaneously.
Harmonic Frequencies
Sum of Fundamental & 5th harmonic
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Typical wave form of fundamental and fifth harmonic together. Notice distorted or non-linear shape.
Harmonics primarily originate in electronic power converters. Harmonics originate any time current is being drawn in short rapid pulses rather than in a smooth continuous manner. These can be found in: 1. Switch Mode Power Supplies 2. Electronic Ballasts 3. Variable Frequency Drives 4. Oven and Furnace Controls 5. Rectifier Circuits
Overheated Neutrals Overheated Transformers Malfunctioning of Equipment due to excessive voltage distortion Burned-out Motors Tripped Circuit Breakers Blown Fuses
Triplen Harmonics
Triplen harmonics include the 3rd harmonic and all the odd multiples of the 3rd.
Triplen harmonics add up in the three phase neutral because they are in phase with each other. 60 HZ or fundamental currents tend to cancel in the three phase neutral because of the 120 degree phase shift between adjacent phases.
Harmonic Effects
Effects of Harmonics on Transformers
Increased temperature rise Increased neutral current flow Increased core losses Increased sound level Decreased efficiency Stray losses in the conductors get multiplied by the K - factor of the load to increase winding rise. Triplen harmonic currents add up in the three phase neutral. Harmonic voltages tend to increase losses in the iron core.
K - Factor
A measure of a transformers ability to withstand the heating effects of non-sinusoidal harmonic currents created by much of todays electronic equipment.
The stray losses of the transformer are multiplied by the K-Factor of the load resulting in increased heating of the unit. It is only logical that it is a UL term, since UL has control of the insulation systems used in most electrical products.
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75 kVA, 3-Phase, 480 - 208Y/120, 150 rise Total conductor losses at K-1 (linear load) = 2860 + 135 = 2995
If K=20 (non-linear load), new conductor losses are: 2860 + (20 x 135) = 5560 watts Rise @ K-1 = 150C Rise @ K-20 = 244C
These transformers use a 220C insulation system per the following: Ambient: 40C Winding rise: 150C Hot spot: 30C
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1. 2. 3.
K - Rated Transformers (traditional) Harmonic Mitigating Transformers (zig-zag) I-Trap Neutral Current Reducer
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K Rated Transformers
K - Rated or Non-Linear transformers do not eliminate harmonics! They are only designed to tolerate the heating effects of harmonics created by much of today's electronic equipment. K-rated transformers are traditional Delta-Wye transformers They are designed with lower flux densities and no load losses as well as lower IR losses resulting in a larger and heavier unit. They do not eliminate or cancel harmonics
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K Factor Features
Available in K-Factors of 4, 13, and 20 Aluminum or Copper windings. Available temperature rises of 150, 115, or 80 UL listed and CSA certified
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As of January 1, 2007 K-Rated transformers must comply to the efficiency standards (TP1) of the National Energy Bill
They are only required to comply with a connected load condition of K1 (no harmonics)
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The secondary winding on each magnetic leg of the core is wound in two separate sections. These sections are Then transposed between different legs of the core to Create the Zig-Zag secondary. Each 120 v output of the transformer consists of two sections from different magnetic legs resulting in a magnetic phase shift
Harmonic Mitigating
Acme Catalog Numbers
CMT-53312-4S CMT-53313-4S CMT-53314-4S CMT-53315-4S CMT-53316-4S CMT-53317-4S 30 KVA 45 KVA 75 KVA 112.5 KVA 150 KVA 225 KVA
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Harmonic Mitigating
Benefits
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Unlike K-Rated transformers, Mitigating transformers actually treat the triplen harmonics in the Zig-Zag secondary winding Reduce supply voltage flat topping caused by non-linear loads Improve overall power factor of supply system Suitable for K-Factor loads Improved energy efficiency (Meet TP1 at K-1 load)
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Mitigating Transformers
Features
Copper foil conductor to minimize skin effect of harmonic currents Taps: 2 x 2.5% ANFC and BNFC 220 Degree C insulation system with 150 Degree C rise UL listed and CSA certified Zero degree angular displacement between Primary and Secondary windings
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Harmonic Mitigating
Notes
Harmonic mitigating transformers dont treat harmonics or neutral current until they reach the transformer windings Transformer has 200% Neutral Bar Neutral conductor from transformer to Load Panel should be sized at 200%
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Acme Advantages
1. Acme utilizes special winding techniques and foil conductors in both its K-Factor and Harmonic Mitigating transformers to minimize the heating effects of harmonic currents. (Skin effect) 2. The use of foil conductor increases the dielectric strength of the insulation because one layer is only one turn. Foil also eliminates the effects of axial forces which can result in failure of wire wound transformers.
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Foil conductor is very thin and much wider Minimizes skin effect at higher Hz
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Applications
Hospitals and Health Care Facilities Commercial & Educational Facilities Airport Facilities Telecom Facilities Broadcasting Facilities Internet Service Providers Data Centers
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Applications:
It is used to reduce excessive current flow in the neutral of a 3 phase 208Y/120 volt system. It is available in ampere ratings of 100, 150, 300, and 450. It includes a front mounted amp meter for monitoring neutral current. Target areas: Data processing centers, Hospitals, Radio and TV stations, Large computer labs, etc. (Any area having numerous electronic 120v loads powered from a 208Y/120 system)
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The low impedance and auto Zig-Zag characteristics of the I-Trap target the third harmonic currents causing them to become out of phase in the three phase neutral, resulting in a canceling effect. Reductions of 50% to 90% are typical. In many applications, the Acme I-Trap provides an easier and more affordable solution than replacing existing Neutral conductors.
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Max phase amps reduced from 63.2 to 53.6 (18%) Phase unbalance reduced: Before - 62% ; After 34%
I-Trap helps reduce unbalance in the phases, which helps reduce neutral current.
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Har. Dist.
K Factor
78.2%
5.5
37.7%
4.4
77.6%
5.8
39.0%
4.3
73.2%
4.8
38.0%
3.8
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1H
3H 5H 7H 9H
17.0
83.0 3.0 2.0 1.0
1.0
8.0 -------
11H
1.0
---
Total neutral current of 84.8 is greater than highest phase current of 63.2. Notice that total neutral current has been reduced by almost 90% (84.8 to 8.1 amps).
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