ME1822:

Basic Engineering Thermodynamics

First Law of

Thermodynamics
Prepared by: Mr. A.T.D. Perera
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
University of Moratuwa
Outline of our Journey
2
Content
Time
(Approximate)
Introduction to
Thermodynamics
1 weeks
Energy 2 weeks
Ideal Gases and Pure Substances 1 weeks
First Law of
Thermodynamics
3 weeks
Second Law of
Thermodynamics
3 weeks

The First Law of Thermodynamics
Conservation of Energy
Energy Balance



= Energy transferred across system
boundary
E
CV
= Energy contained within system boundary
CV
IN OUT
dE
E E
dt
=
IN,OUT
E
Applications of First Law: Closed Systems
Mass Balance
dm
CV
/dt = 0
m
CV
= constant

Energy Balance
E
CM
= U + KE + PE
KE = m
CM
v
2
/2g
C
PE = m
CM
zg/g
C


( ) ( )
CM CM 2 CM 1 IN IN OUT OUT
E E (t ) - E (t ) Q W Q +W A = = +
system
boundary
Q
OUT

W
IN
or W
OUT

Q
IN

Applications of First Law: Open
Systems
Mass and energy cross system boundary

Mass balance and Energy balance depends on
number of Factors
Conservation of Mass : Open
Systems
Rate Basis

Time Interval



Useful Relations


= Volumetric flow rate [m
3
/s or ft
3
/s]
A
X
= cross-sectional flow area [m
2
or ft
2
]
CV
IN OUT
dm
m m =
dt

}
2
1
t
IN OUT CV 1 CV 2
t=t
[m (t)-m (t)] dt=m (t ) m (t )
X
A V
m
v v
= =
v
V
Flow Work and Enthalpy
Mass crossing system boundary
Carries energy u + ke + pe per unit mass flow
Does flow work Pv per unit mass flow
Recall enthalpy, h = u + Pv
Total energy entering/leaving system due to mass
transfer is
u + ke + pe + Pv = h + ke + pe per unit mass flow.
Energy Balance for Open Systems
( )
( )
( )
( )
IN IN IN,i i i i
CV
OUT OUT OUT,j j j
CV
IN OUT CV CV
IN,OUT
j
dE
E E where E m ke pe
dt
E Q W m ke pe
o
u
h
Q W m h ke pe
dE
Q W m h ke pe
dt
r ( + + + +

(
+ + +
= = + +
=
+ =

+ + + +

Change in energy for open system is sum of

Shaft work: Present if rotating shaft crosses boundary
Boundary (PdV) work: Present if dV
CV
/dt = 0
Heat Transfer
Energy transfer through mass transfer (u + ke + pe)
Steady-State Steady-Flow Processes
Steady-State (SS):


where ( )
CV
is any property of
the system (e.g., m or E)
( )
CV
d
0
dt
=
( )
IN,OUT
d
0
dt
=
.
. .
.
Steady-Flow (SF):


where ( )
CV
is any transfer across the system
boundary (e.g., Q, W or m)
Steady-State Steady-Flow
Processes (Mass Balence)
Steady-State Steady-Flow (SSSF) >> No changes
with time
Mass Balance (General Equation)




For a single stream
N M
CV
IN,i OUT,j
i 1 j 1
dm
m m
dt
= =
=

0, SS
N M
IN,i OUT,j
i 1 j 1
m m
= =
=

IN OUT
m m m = =
Steady-State Steady-Flow Processes :
Energy Balance
SSSF Energy Balance






If 1 stream (i.e., 1-inlet and 1-outlet) and dividing
by mass flow rate
( ) ( )
IN IN OUT OUT
IN OUT
q w h ke pe q w h ke pe + + + + = + + + +
CV
IN OUT
dE
E E
dt
=
( )
( )
0, SS
N
IN IN IN,i i i i
I
i 1
N
OUT OUT OUT,j
N O
j j j
U
j 1
T
Q W m h ke pe
Q W m h ke
E
pe
E
=
=

+ + + +

= + + + +

=
Transient (Unsteady) Analysis
Typically open system not at steady state
Tank Filling
Tank Emptying

Mass Balance:


Energy Balance:
| |
2
1
t
IN OUT CV 2 CV 1
t
m - m dt m (t ) m (t ) =
}
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
1
t
IN OUT CV CV
t
2
IN,OUT
c c
2
CV
c c
E E dt E E
gz
E Q W m h
2g g
1 gz
E m u
2 g g
( =
}

| |
= + + + +
|
|
\ .
| |
= + +
|
\ .
v
v
2 1
t t t t
t
Uniform State Uniform Flow
(USUF)
Uniform State: All properties uniform across system
at any instant in time
Uniform Flow: All mass flow properties at each inlet
and outlet are uniform across the stream
Neglect kinetic and potential energies
Mass Balance:
Energy Balance:
IN OUT 2 1
m m =m(t ) m(t )
| |
2
1
t
IN IN IN IN OUT OUT OUT OUT
t t
2 2
CV 2 CV 1
c c c c
CV,2 CV,1
Q W m h - Q W m (t)(h (t)dt
gz gz
E (t ) E (t )= m u m u
2g g 2g g
=
(
+ + + +
(

( (
| | | |
= + + + +
( ( | |
\ . \ .

}
v v
Nozzles and Diffusers
A diffuser converts high
speed, low pressure flow
to low speed, high
pressure flow
A nozzle converts high
pressure, low speed
flow to low pressure,
high speed flow
Nozzles and Diffusers
Common Assumptions
SSSF
No work or heat transfer
Neglect changes in pe
Energy Balance: Crossing out terms assumed 0
IN
q
0
IN
w +
0
h ke pe + + +
( )
0
IN
OUT
q =
0
OUT
w +
0
h ke pe + + +
( )
( ) ( )
0
2 2
C C
IN OUT
OUT
IN OUT
h h
2
h ke h k
g 2g
e
| | | |
+ = +
| |
\ \
+
. .
= +
v v
Throttling
Throttling: Reduces Pressure
Common Assumptions:
SSSF
No work or heat transfer
Neglect changes in pe and ke
Energy Balance:
IN
q
0
IN
w +
0
h ke + +
0
pe +
( )
0
IN
OUT
q =
0
OUT
w +
0
h ke + +
0
pe +
( )
0
IN
OU
OUT
T
h h =
Throttling
Valve
Isenthalpic (h = constant) Process
Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
Pumps: Pressurize or move
liquids
Fans & Blowers: Move air
OUT
OUT
OUT
m
T
P
IN
W
IN IN IN
m ,T ,P
Pump Schematic
Common Assumptions:
SSSF
No heat transfer
Neglect changes in Pe and ke
Energy Balance for fan & blower

Energy Balance for pump (assuming ICL)
IN OUT IN
w h h =
( )
IN OUT IN
w v P P =
Turbines
Turbine: Enthalpy Shaft work
Used in
Almost all power plants
Some propulsion systems (e.g.,
turbofan and turbojet engines)
Working Fluid:
Liquids (e.g., hydro power plants)
Vapors (e.g., steam power plants)
Gases (e.g., gas power plants)

Turbines: First Law Analysis
Common assumptions for turbine:
SSSF
Negligible heat transfer Adiabatic (q = 0)
Negligible kinetic and potential energy changes
Turbine energy balance (Single Stream)
IN IN
Q W + m h ke pe + + +
( )
OUT
IN
Q
(
(

(

IN
E
OUT
W m h ke pe + + + +
( )
OUT
(
(
=
(

OUT
E
dE
dt
( )
0, SS
OUT IN OUT
OUT IN OUT
W m h h
Per unit mass flow w h h
=
=
Isentropic Efficiency of Turbines??
Compressors
Compressor: Shaft work Increase pressure &
enthalpy of vapor or gas
Often like turbine run in reverse
Used in
Gas power plants (e.g., gas turbine engine)
Turbo propulsion systems (e.g., turbofan and turbojet
engines).
Industry (e.g., supply high pressure gas)
Working Fluids
Gas
Vapor
Not Liquid (pump used)
Compressors : First Law
Analysis
Common assumptions for compressor:
SSSF
Adiabatic (q = 0)
Neglect kinetic and potential energies
Compressor energy balance
IN
Q
IN
W m h ke pe + + + +
( )
OUT OUT
IN
Q W
(
(
+
(

IN
E
m h ke pe + + +
( )
OUT
(
(
=
(

OUT
E
dE
dt
( )
0, SS
IN OUT IN
IN OUT IN
W m h h
Per unit mass flow w h h
=
=
Heat Exchangers..
Allows heat transfer from
one fluid to another without
mixing
Example???
Types of Heat
Exchangers.??

Heat Exchangers
Common Assumptions
SSSF
Externally adiabatic
Neglect kinetic and potential
energies
IN IN
Q W + m h ke pe + + +
( )
IN
OUT OUT
Q W
(
(
(

+

m h ke pe + + +
( )
OUT
(
(
=
(

dE
dt
( ) ( )
COLD OUT,COLD IN,COLD HOT IN,
0,S
HOT COLD,
S
HOT
m h h m h h =
Energy Balance
Mixing Devices
Combine 2 or more streams
Common in industrial processes
Common assumptions
SSSF
Adiabatic
Neglect kinetic and potential energies
Energy Balance (Streams 1 & 2 mixing to form 3)
IN IN
Q W + m h ke pe + + +
( )
IN
OUT OUT
Q W
(
(
(

+

m h ke pe + + +
( )
OUT
(
(
=
(

dE
dt
1 1 2 2 3
0, S
3
S
m h m h m h + =
Conclusion
First Law of Thermodynamics
Application of First Law: Closed Systems
Application of First Law: Open Systems
First Law Analysis for different condition
First Law Analysis of Mechanical Devices


Next Session.
Properties of Substances.


A snowflake at high
magnification. The solid
phase of water in one of its
forms.
(Courtesy of Kenneth G.
Libbrecht, Cal Tech)

End of Session 3