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3. family When advisable your work backwards. it is to history exploring When exploring your family history it is advisable to work backwards.

Participle Clauses

 They give more information, or describe the time, manner or result of the event in the main clause. Noticing the door was open, I walked in. [= I noticed the door was open, and I walked in]. When placed before the main clause, it refers to its subject. Walking up the street, I heard a bell ring. [= I was walking up the street and I heard a bell ring]. When placed after the main clause, it refers either to its subject or object (if there is one). We saw Jim walking up the street. [= We saw Jim while he was walking up the street]. The boat struck a rock, throwing the crew into the sea. [= When the boat struck a rock, the crew was thrown into the sea].

Participle Clauses

One Action Before Another Same Subject

Both present and past forms are possible: Leaving the parcel on the doorstep, he drove away. Having left the parcel on the doorstep, he drove away. Attention to the position of not: Not having an umbrella, I got really wet. Having decided not to stay longer, I went home. Past Form used to talk about consequence: Having forgotten my keys, I had to climb in the window. Present Form + [upon] [on] used to talk about reason: On [upon] noticing a policemen coming down the street, he ran off.

 Only passive participles can sometimes be shortened: Having been introduced to the president, he could think of nothing to say. Introduced to the president, he could think of nothing to say.

Time Phrase [after / before / since / when / while] + Present Participle

After reading the letter, she burst into tears. Clean it with warm soapy water before using it for the first time. Since talking to Mr. Ashton, Ive changed my mind about my career. When taking this medication, avoid drinking alcohol. While waiting for the train, we had a meal in the station restaurant.

 On hearing a noise at the window, I looked out. [ON = an event immediately followed by another]. In trying to adjust the heating system, I managed to break it completely. [IN = one event causes a consequence].

Time Phrase [on / in] + Present Participle

Manner Phrase [by] + Present Participle

By using the Internet, its possible to save money.

Being afraid to go on my own, I asked Sam to go with me. [= Because I was afraid to go on my own, I asked Sam to go with me].

Reason Phrase [Being = because / as + be]

Having been offered a higher salary, I took the job. [= I was offered a higher salary, so I took the job].

Passive Voice Past Participle

His ears bursting from the water pressure, he rose to the surface. All three goals were excellent, the first one being the best, I think.

Extra information about the subject a noun or a participle

There being no further time today, the meeting will continue in the morning. It being a Sunday, there were fewer trains than usual.

It or There + Present Participle

 With blood pouring from his wounds, he staggered into the room. Without making a sound, she opened the door.

With [without] + Present Participle

Reduced Adverbial Clauses

While (she was) at the shops, Helen lost her wallet. Where (it is) indicated, use one of the screws labelled A.

She waved her arms about, as if (she was) swatting a fly.

Though (he was) feeling ill, he was determined to play. Although (I was) feeling ill, I went to the meeting. If (you are) studying full-time, expect to spend 20 hours a week on lectures. Unless travelling in an organised tour, you will require a visa.