The Law of Triads (1829) Johanne Dobereiner noted the existence of triads, three elements with similar properties,

where the atomic mass of the middle member of the triad was approximately the mean of the other two.
Cl
Br I

35
80 127

S
Se Te

32
78 128

Ca Sr Ba

40 87 137

The Law of Octaves (1864) John Newlands listed the lighter elements starting with lithium (Li) in the order of increasing atomic weights and concluded that every 8th element manifested similar properties. @ pointed out the similarity of the relationship to the octave of the musical scale. @ the law when applied to heavier elements, the pattern became irregular

The Old Periodic Law (1869) The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic weights Dmitri Mendeleev published the Periodic Law and Julius Lothar Meyer produced the data to substantiate it. @ Mendeleev arranged the elements in the order of increasing atomic weights and constructed the 1st workable table.

@ when the order dictated by atomic weights produced chemical mismatches, he positioned the elements where he thought they belonged using similarity in properties as basis. @ the periodic table contains gaps and vacant spaces for elements that would eventually be discovered. @ the elements that he predicted would be discovered were gallium, Ga (1875), Scandium, Sc (1879), and Germanium, Ge (1887).

The Modern Periodic Law The physical and chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers Henry Gwynn Moseley who studied the xray spectra of the elements known then, took the final step that led to the preparation of the modern periodic table. @ his experiments showed that the properties of the elements are related to their atomic numbers.

A. Features @ Family of Group * the vertical arrangement of elements with similar physical and chemical properties. *18 columns that correspond to the filling of different subshells. * elemens filling the s and p subshells belong to subgroup A and are called representative elements

* elements filling the d and f subshells belong to subgroup B and are called transition elements. * s-block elements first two columns of elements which fill up the ns subshell * d-block elements ten columns of elements which fill up the (n-1)d subshell. * p-block elements six columns of elements which fill up the p subshells. * f-block elements two rows or series of elements which fill the (n-2)f subshell, the lanthanide and actinide series.

@ Period or Series * the horizontal arrangement of the elements based on increasing order of atomic number, and which represents the highest energy level occupied by the electrons in the atom of a particular element. * there are seven (7) periods or series of elements

B. Periodic Properties
@ Atomic Size (Atomic Radius) Left to Right: The atomic radius decreases. Reason: Due to an increasing magnitude of nuclear charge which causes the electron to become denser and more compact. Top to Bottom: The atomic radius increases. Reason: Because of an increase in the number of filled energy levels.

@ Metallic Property the ease with which an electron loses its valence electron(s) Left to Right: Metallic property decreases. Top to Bottom: Metallic property increases. (Big atoms are more metallic, small atoms are less metallic)

@ Nonmetallic Property the ease with which n atom gains additional electron(s). Left to Right: Nonmetallic property increases Top to bottom: Nonmetallic property decreases. (Big atoms are less nonmetallic, small atoms are more nonmetallic)

@ Ionization Energy the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous neutral atom. Left to Right: Ionization energy increases Top to Bottom: Ionization energy decreases.

@ Electron Affinity - the energy given off when an electron is added to a neutral atom. Left to Right: Electron Affinity increases Top to Bottom: Electron affinity decreases

@ Electronegativity measures the ability or tendency of an atom to attract a shared pair of electrons.
Left to Right: Electronegativity increases. Top to Bottom: electronegativity decreases.