80 bones form the axial skeleton

8 Bones: Occipital Parietal (2) Frontal Temporal (2) Sphenoid Ethmoid

14 Bones Maxillae (2) Palatine (2) Nasal (2) Inf. Nasal Conchae (2) Zygomatic (2) Lacrimal (2) Vomer Mandible

Lambdoid Coronal Sagittal Squamous

Landmarks Occipital Condyles- articulation between the skull and C1 Foramina- connects the spinal and cranial cavity. Magnum is a hole that encases the spinal cord

Landmarks Superior and Inferior lines- muscle attachment sites for the temporalis Articulation- join each other and others such as the occipital, frontal, sphenoid

Landmarks Forehead is location for supra orbital margin Lacrimal Fossa houses the tear gland Supra orbital foramen is a hole for the passage of blood vessels for the eye and frontal sinuses

Landmarks Articulate with the mandible, sphenoid, zygomatic, parietal Surround and protect the inner and middle ear Zygomatic Arch- cheekbone Mastoid Process- bump behind ear that is a attachment site for muscles of the neck

Landmarks Cornerstone of the cranial floor and sides of the skull Sella Turcica houses the pituitary gland Resembles a bat with lesser and greater wings. Wings form posterior wall of the orbit

Landmarks Cribriform Plate- form the roof of nasal cavity Lateral Masses- contain the conchae which are sinuses Perpendicular Plate- forms a part of the septum

Landmarks Articulate with one another, frontal, ethmoid and all facial bones except the mandible Orbital Rim Hard palate- boney roof of the mouth Sinuses

Landmarks Bridge of the nose Nares Articulate with one another, ethmoid, frontal and the vomer

Landmarks Forms the inferior portion of the septum

Landmarks Articulate with the temporal, maxillae, sphenoid and frontal bones

Landmarks Form the medial wall of the orbit Smallest facial bone that houses a canal by the combination of the lacrimal and the maxillae

Landmarks Articulates with the temporal bone Body- horizontal section Ramus- 3 sections. Largest moveable bone of the face

Landmarks Supports the larynx, pharynx and is a boney attachment site for the muscles of the tongue

Define Non ossified areas between cranial bones that allow for brain growth Anterior- is the largest fontanelle and is located in the middle of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures Soft Spot on newborns. Composed of fibrous connective tissue

Spine consists of 26 bones Function- support the head, protect the spinal cord, and assist with proper sitting posture

Primary- C shaped curves present at birth located in the thoracic and sacral regions Secondary- occur later after birth and consist of the cervical and lumbar regions. They help support an upright posture Four curves are complete by age 10

Body- transfers weight along the axis of the column Discs- fibro cartilage between the bodies that supply support and cushion Arch- forms the posterior segment of the vertebral foramen Lamina- flat medial portion of the vertebral arch located between the spinous and transverse processes

Spinous Process- projection that is palpable on the posterior aspect of the spine Transverse Process- Project laterally on both sides of the vertebrae and serve as muscle attachment and articulate with some of the ribs Intervertebral Foramina- gaps separating the vertebrae allowing a space for the exiting of spinal nerves

Smallest extending from the skull to the thorax Body is small supporting only the head C1 is without a spinous process C2-C6 have a notched spinous process called a bifid. Transverse Processes house the transverse foramina which are holes allowing the passage of the vertebral arteries and veins C7 is the largest and is called the prominens

Function- supports the head and articulates with the occipital condyles of the skull and C2. Lacks a body and a spinous process Large round vertebral foramen

Dens- created with the fusion of the body of C1 to C2 Rotation of the head occurs at this segment

Maintains an upright head, stability of the cervical spine Ligament starting at C7 and ends at the occiput

Body is heart shaped Costal Facets for rib articulations. Compression fractures common in the inferior thoracic spine in the elderly

Largest and the body is oval shaped No costal facets or transverse foramina Vertebral foramen is triangle shaped Bear most of the weight from head to trunk

Protects the reproductive, digestive, and urinary organs Attachment site for muscles of the thigh/ hip SI Joint- small depressions bilaterally and is the site for articulation with the pelvic girdle. SI is located at the belt line ( L5- S1 )

Fuse late in adulthood Elderly population the coccyx may fuse with the sacrum

Protects organs of the chest Consists of the thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and the sternum Muscle attachments sites for the pectoral girdle, respiration, and upper limbs

Ribs 1-7 are true or vertebrosternal. Costal cartilage attachment to the sternum Ribs 8-12 are false. No attachment to the sternum Ribs 11-12 are floating. No attachment site to either the sternum or vertebral ribs

Components are: Manubrium articulates with the clavicles and ribs 1 and 2. The widest and most proximal segment Body articulates with ribs 2-7 Xiphoid process is the smallest section and the most inferior. Avoid this small tip of bone during CPR