ADVANCED BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY

Ar.Pa.Ravi Reg No 112012201007 M Arch II sem PMU

ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY

Engineered Buildings are designed by architects and engineers and properly supervised by engineering staff during construction such as reinforced concrete and steel framed buildings. Non-engineered Buildings are which are spontaneously and traditionally built by masons and carpenters with-out inputs from architects or engineering staffs in design or construction, such as houses built using traditional materials namely, stone, burnt- brick, clay mud or adobe, wood and other bio-mass materials.

Reinforced concrete or steel column-beam construction carried out by masons without proper analysis and design for lateral seismic loads will also fall in the category of nonengineered buildings.
Pre-engineered buildings: Those nonengineered buildings which comply with the provisions engineered buildings which comply with the provisions in IS:4326,IS: 13827, IS:13828 and IS:13935 in their construction and seismic strengthening could be termed as pre-engineered buildings.

Advanced Technology
The building when built by traditional methods using conventional building materials, does not exhibit the necessary characteristics of earth quake resistant building. Therefore, new designs, non traditional building materials and construction techniques need to be developed. The knowledge of failure patterns and their possible reasons encouraged engineers to develop certain lateral load resisting systems which can withstand earthquakes. These lateral load resisting systems usually include shear walls, braced frames, moment resisting frames,diaphragms, horizontal trusses etc

The Earthquake resistance of any building is highly dependent upon the connections joining the buildings larger structural members- walls, beams, columns, and floor slabs.
Concrete walls which have high plane stiffness, placed at convenient locations are often economically used to provide necessary resistance to horizontal forces are called as shear wall. The walls are an integral part of the column-slab system, but carry only lateral loads. In high rise buildings it is important to ensure adequate stiffness to resist lateral forces induced by wind, or seismic or blast effects

These forces can develop high stresses and produce sway movement or vibrations, thereby causing discomfort to the occupants. The importance and the geometry of the shear walls are discussed in this paper considering the stiffening of framing action for high rise buildings. Proper selection of load carrying system is of utmost importance for earth quake resistant design as intensity and orientation of loading is highly uncertain

An earthquake is basically a wave moving along land. As the earth vibrates all buildings on the ground surface will respond to the vibrations in varying degrees

Response of Structures of Wave Motion

The effects of the earth quake

Structural Damage: Damage to structural , vertical and horizontal loadcarrying elements. Non-Structural Damage: Damage to non- structural or secondary structural components. Other Damage: Damage to installations and adjacent earth retaining structures.

Shear walls
Shear walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral resistance to a building or structure. They resist inplane loads that are applied along its height. The applied load is generally transferred to the wall by a diaphragm or collector or drag member. They are built in wood, concrete, and masonry

Such walls can be either load bearing or non-load bearing. These lateral load resisting systems usually include like shear walls, braced frames, moment resisting frames , diaphragms, horizontal trusses

A shear wall is a wall that is designed to resist shear, the lateral force that causes the bulk of damage in earthquakes. Many building codes mandate the use of such walls to make homes safer and more stable, and learning about them is an important part of an architectural education The wall ideally connects two exterior walls, and also braces other shear walls in the structure. Bracing is accomplished with metal brackets and heavy timbers or support beams that keep the wall strong and sturdy An effective wall of this type is both stiff and strong

Shear walls are critical, because in addition to preventing the failure of exterior walls, they also support the multiple floors of the building, ensuring that they do not collapse as a result of lateral movement in an earthquake.
A stiff, strong wall, on the other hand, resists lateral forces while providing support. In multi-story structures A shear wall is simply a cantilevered diaphragm to which load is applied at the top of the wall, and is transmitted out along the bottom of the wall. This creates a potential for overturning which must be accounted for, and any overturning force is typically resisted by hold-downs or tiedowns, at each end of the shear element

DIAPHRAGMS AND SHEAR WALLS DEFINITION

A diaphragm is a flat structural unit acting like a deep, thin beam. The term "diaphragm" is usually applied to roofs and floors. A shear wall however, is a vertical, cantilevered diaphragm. A diaphragm structure results when a series of such vertical and horizontal diaphragms are properly tied together to form a structural unit as shown below When diaphragms and shear walls are used in the lateral design of a building, the structural system is termed a "box system." Shear walls provide reactions for the roof and floor diaphragms, and transmit the forces into the foundation. .

An accurate method for engineering diaphragms has evolved from analytic models and extensive testing, and will allow the builder to supply his client with a building resistant to hurricanes or earthquakes at very little extra cost The structural design of buildings using diaphragms is a relatively simple, straightforward process if the engineer keeps in mind the over-all concept of structural diaphragm behavior. Actually, with ordinary good construction practice, any sheathed element in a building adds considerable strength to structure

Roof (horizontal diaphragm carries load to end walls)

Side wall carries load to roof diaphragm at top, and to foundation at bottom

v (lb per lin ft of diaphragm width) = wl/2b w (lb per lin ft of wall) = F h /2 T= C = vh

End wall (vertical diaphragm or shear wall) carries load to foundation

Thus, if the walls and roofs are sheathed with panels and are adequately tied together, and to the foundation, many of the requirements of a diaphragm structure are met. This fact explains the durability of panel-sheathed buildings in hurricane and earthquake conditions even when they have not been engineered as diaphragms Panel diaphragms have been used extensively for roofs, walls, floors and partitions, for both new construction and rehabilitation of older buildings.

Shear Walls are vertical walls that are designed to receive lateral forces from diaphragms and transmit them to the ground.

These lateral load resisting systems usually include Shear Walls Braced frames Movement resisting frames Diaphragms Horizontal trusses.

The requirements of shear walls.

The thickness of any pan of the wall shall preferably, not be less 150 mm. The walls should be provided with reinforcement in the longitudinal and transverse directions in the plan of the wall. The minimum reinforcement ratio shall be 0.0025 of the gross area in each direction. The reinforcement shall be distributed across the cross section of the wall uniformly.

The diameter of the bars to be used in any part of the wall shall not exceed 1/10 of the thickness of that part. The maximum spacing of reinforcement in either direction shall not exceed L/5,3t and 450mm .Where, 'L is the horizontal length of the wall and t' is the thickness of wall web.

Shear wall Systems in Multistoried Building

Flat slab Frame-Shear wall system
Frame action provided by flat-slab beam and column interaction is generally insufficient for buildings taller than about 10 stories. A system consisting of shear walls and flat slab-frames may provide an appropriate lateral bracing system. Figure shows an example.

For building in high seismic zones the width of the equivalent beam is limited to the width of the supporting column plus 1.5 times the thickness of the slab Only in this limited width are we allowed to place the top and bottom flexural reinforcement. This requirement precludes the use of flat slab-beams as part of a seismic system in zone of high seismicity

Coupled Shear Walls

A system of interconnected shear walls exhibits a stiffness that far exceeds the submission of the individual wall stiffness. This is because the interconnecting slab or beam restrains the cantilever bending of individual walls by forcing the system to work as a composite unit. The system is economical for buildings in the 40 -storey range Since planar shear walls carry loads only in their plane, walls in two orthogonal directions are generally required to resist lateral loads in two directions

Shear Wall Frame Interaction

This system is one of the most popular system for resisting lateral loads, in medium to high rise buildings. The system has a broad range of application and has been used for buildings as low as 10 stories to as high as 50 stories or even taller The linear sway of the moment frame, combined with the parabolic sway of the shear wall is restrained by the frame. However, a frame consisting closely spaced columns and deep beams tends to behave more like a shear wall weakened by large openings and acts more like a frame by deflecting in a shear mode. The combined structural action, therefore, depends on the relative rigidity of the two, and their modes of determination.

Composite Shear Walls

Figure 1

Composite shear wall

A schematic plan of composite shear wall system is shown in Fig 1. This is similar to a reinforced concrete shear wall system with the exception that a structural steel frame placed within the walls speeds up the construction process (see Fig). Generally in all concrete system, the walls are interconnected with concrete beams, to increase their bending stiffness. If the link beams are relatively short, the resulting shear forces due to lateral loads may be quite large. This may lead to a brittle fracture of the beam unless the beam is detailed with diagonal reinforcement as mandated in most seismic provisions. The resultant detail often leads to congestion of reinforcement.

A method of overcoming the problem is to use structural steel beams as link beams between the shear walls, as shown in Fig 1

The moment capacity of steel beam is developed in the wall by welding shear connectors to the top and bottom flanges of the beam, as shown in Fig. 2. For resisting large in plane shear forces, a full -length steel web plate attached to a concrete shear wall may be used.

Figure 2

An example of such a construction is the core wall of the Bank of China Building in Hong Kong. In this building all the lateral forces are transferred to the core at the base. To resist the high shear forces, steel plates are attached to the concrete core through shear studs welded to the steel plates, as shown in Fig. 3 .

Figure 3

CONCLUSIONS An earthquake is basically a wave moving along the land and vibrates all buildings on the ground surface in varying degrees. The external horizontal force must be compensated by equal and opposite forces coming from the strength of the buildings if it has to withstand the collapse. Buildings built of conventional materials and techniques do not exhibit the necessary characteristics of earthquake resisting building. New design, non-traditional building materials and construction techniques need to be developed

Understanding the failure pattern of the building due to earthquake is very important for devising the appropriate technology to stand the detrimental forces. Shear walls are vertical walls that are designed to receive lateral forces from diaphragms and transmit them to the ground. The walls are main structural elements with a dual role of resisting both the gravity and lateral loads. Considering the number of stories, the pattern of building layout and the kind of loading coming on the structure, the various shear wall systems are developed. Each system has certain unique function in safeguarding the structure against earthquake force which may be from any direction

ADVANCED MATERIALS

This presentation deals with present state of building construction in India. This brings out the emerging trends on utilization of modern technology and materials in construction of building. The specific emerging areas where attention needs to be given are quality assurance and improvement in construction technology, utilization of new materials with high-tech improvisation in construction, use of new materials for maintaining the structures. The use of Modern materials /techniques and utilization of modern machinery is a must to economies the cost of construction without affecting functional behavior and ensuring reliability and durability of structures

Special types of Concrete

This part highlights the use of special types of concrete for both original construction and maintenance for durable concrete structure. Concrete was considered such a building material that blended all the positive qualities of cement and steel to produce a wonder construction material. This concept also, to some extent, has contributed to develop a complacent attitude in dealing with concrete. Thereby requirement of large-scale rehabilitation of structures or their pre-mature replacement by new construction is becoming essential.

Use of special types of concrete for high performance and durability in concrete has become essential The emerging areas in concrete construction where specific attention is required are Quality assurance and improvement in construction technology. Utilization of New materials and high-tech invention in construction. Use of Modern Machinery Maintenance of Structure with new materials. A variety of new composite materials can be produced by selectively combining these ingredient materials and by undergoing through specific techniques of production of such composite materials

Special types of concrete used for high performance and durability in concrete are below Admixtures with concrete Super plasticized concrete Fly ash concrete Condensed Silica fume concrete Ready mixed concrete Ferro cement concrete Fiber reinforced concrete Slurry in filtered fiber reinforced concrete Polymer concrete.

Fly ash Concrete Fly ash is a waste collected in electrostatic precipitators of the thermal power stations and is produced due to the combustion of coal. With the recent trends in combustion of pulverized coal some of the fly ashes available in recent years are finer and contain less un burnt carbon making them more suitable for applications in concrete. Fly ash as a mineral admixture in concrete is of great utility to the present day construction industry. It is available in abundance from the combustion of coal in thermal power stations and its characteristics primarily depend on the geological factors related to the coal deposit. The various properties of concrete are improved by addition of fly ash

Ready Mixed Concrete The advantages of ready mixed concrete have been well recognized in recent years due to its extensive use in most advanced countries Ready mixed concrete has undergone several major changes, in terms of both materials,mixes, admixtures and the equipment for its making like batching, mixing, transporting, placing/pumpingetc. The use of controlled concrete, through a well planned batching and mixing set ups has been an accepted fact in most major construction activities of recent times in India. The limited availability of transit mixer of large capacity still limit the extensive use of RMC even in these situations.

Ferro cement Ferro cement is a term commonly used to describe a steel and mortar composite material. Essentially a form of reinforced concrete, it exhibits behavior so different from conventional reinforced concrete in performance, strength, and potential application that it must be classed as a completely separate material. It differs from conventional reinforced concrete in that its reinforcement consists of closely space, multiple layers of steel mesh completely impregnated with cement mortar. Ferro-cement can be formed into sections less than one inch thick, with only a fraction of an inch of cover over the outer most mesh layer. Ferro cement reinforcement can be assembled over a light framework into the final desired shape and mortared directly in place, even upside down, with thick mortar paste.

Fiber Reinforced Concrete Fiber reinforced concrete is concrete made from hydraulic cements with or without aggregates of various sizes and incorporating, discrete fiber reinforcements. For reasons of volume instability it is very doubtful if the cement paste alone can ever be used as the matrix in practical composites. All fiber concrete composites are. therefore, likely to contain some aggregate inclusions, with possible exception of asbestos cement products Slurry Infiltrated Fiber Reinforced Concrete This is a new and special class of steel fiber concrete in which a very high percentage of steel fibers is incorporated into the cement matrix

Polymer Concrete Polymer concrete materials stand today as a promising group of new building materials. Incorporating a polymer in a cementitious mix brings key advantages, particularly in terms of workability, abrasion and impact resistance ,with the resulting physical and chemical properties dependent upon the nature of the polymer material and quantity used in relation to the cement phase. The applications include bridge decking and motorways structures, underwater structures, housing applications and concrete piles. Use of polymers in concrete in various industrial applications along with the advantages entered in industry

Conventional concrete contains port land cement, water, and mineral fillers such as sand and aggregates. When the cement hydrates, the ingredients, bind to form a solid matrix. Polymer-modified cement concrete is concrete that has been modified by replacing some of the Portland cement with ingredients that react to form a synthetic organic polymer when the material is mixed. (A polymer is a type of plastic that is produced by chemically linking a large number of chemically separate molecules in to larger stable molecules.) Polymer Concrete (PC) is a composite material formed by combining mineral aggregates such as sand or gravel with a monomer. Rapid-setting organic polymers are used in PC as binders

Polymer concrete is made from selectively graded aggregates bound with polyester resins. When combined through a process of mixing, molding and curing, an extremely powerful cross-linked bond is formed. Precast polymer concrete is reinforced with fiberglass for exceptional strength, rigidity and lightweight. Its lightness makes it extremely easy to fit on site, and its low water absorbency ensures complete leak tightness. It is also impervious to freezing thawing processes and highly resistant to most products and to impacts, and suffers only minimal wear from abrasion. All these characteristics make polymer concrete a high-quality material.

Polymer concrete composites are basically subdivided into three different categories, 1.Polymer impregnated concrete with hardened concrete fully or partially impregnated with polymer, 2.Polymer cement concrete with polymeric admixtures to green concrete in the form of latex's or plasticizers 3. Polymer concrete with the cement in concrete replaced by a polymeric binder. Polymer concrete also has great potential in industrial and construction applications and has been used for pump bases, floor ring blocks, chemical containment, trench drains and more. It is a robust, cost-saving material

Wood wool Insulation boards

Good acoustical quality is of major importance in a school building to create good hearing condition and for the functioning of its intended use. One of the critical factors to be always considered is building acoustics. Prefabricated multipurpose wood wool insulation boards and mineral fiber boards are available for application on walls and ceilings. They are pest resistant, highly fire resistant, and fungus resistant and having good sound absorption and noise insulation property

Wood wool insulation boards are used as sound absorbing material as well as good sound insulating material. Its porous inner structure effectuates an effective sound absorption and simultaneously good sound insulator. These boards offer total building solution and meet varying requirements of acoustics, fire, thermal and diverse application of industrial, commercial and residential spaces

WOOD WOOL INSULATION BOARD They are manufacture from wood fibers mineralized with magnesite and binded with cement and additives and hydraulically compressed Mineralisation of the wood fiber makes it an inert inorganic material that eliminates problems of termites, vermin and fungus attack. Bonding with cement makes board strong which does not shatter or crack and is fire resistant. Due to this matrix boards are light in weight and good in strength and having functional properties like sound absorption, thermal insulation and fire resistance.

Thermal insulation: Can resist heat to great extent maintaining about 10 to 15F cooler in summer and warmer in winter without installing AC. Fire resistance: The mineralized wood fiber will remain intact for a long time when subjected to direct fire. Resistance depends upon thickness of material. Termite resistance: Good resistance to termite or vermin and insect attack. Humidity resistance: It acts as hygrometric regulator. It absorbs excess humidity and releases it when normal conditions returns without any deformation.

Water resistance: Do not deteriorate or deform when immersed in water. So in humid conditions no swelling or crumbling. Acoustical insulation: Because of the cellular structure it has good Absorption coefficient and good noise reduction Durability: Not affected by biological, chemical or meteorological phenomenon over time, cement content in the board increases the level of resistance. Finishes: Accepts all kinds of rendering, plastering, decorative materials. They can be also painted,tiled wallpapered.

Glass
In today's time an architect can not think of a modern building without incorporating glass in his building design. Either because of an aesthetic look or because of environmental reasons, he is compelled to think of using glass m modern buildings. The glass places optical emphases and provides numerous technical functions. Because of its inherent properties if we can construct a pure glass building, it will be the greenest building in today's time.

As on today the glass industry offers glazing with individual technical features that can be used for heat, solar or sound protection, as design components, as safety glass or as part of solar system

The global warming also has compelled our architects to think about an alternate materials which by virtue of their use as building material can help in containing global warming.
Glass is one of such material which if used in a building can save lot of energy thus contributing in reducing global warming. Glass is no longer just a filler element in a building hut is rather nowadays is used for enveloping purpose

Glass is a solid material, typically a mix of inorganic compounds, usually transparent, hard, brittle and impervious to the natural elements. It is made by cooling molten ingredients fast enough so that no visible crystals form. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. It takes on colours when certain metal oxides are included in the mix.

Patterned or Obscure Glass Made from flat glass, this type has a design rolled onto one side during manufacture. It can be used for decorative effect and/or to provide privacy. Patterned glass is available in a range of coloured tints as well as plain. A variety of pattern designs are available, each pattern normally has a quoted distortion number from 1 to 5. 1 being very little distortion. 5 being a high level of diffusion. On external glazing, the patterned side is usually on the inside so that atmospheric dirt can easily be removed from the relatively flat external face.

Float Glass Float glass gets its name from the method of production used to manufacture it. 90% of the world's flat glass is produced by the float glass process invented in 1950 by Sir Alastair. The molten glass is floated onto a bed of molten tin this produces a glass which is flat and distortion free. It is produced in standard thickness of 2.3.4.5.6.8.10,12,15.19 & 22mm. Float glass is suitable for fixed and opening windows above waist height.

Low-Emission Glass Low Emission is a clear glass that has a microscopically-thin coating of metal oxide This filters the sun's heat while allowing considerable amount of light to enter. Low E glass is a type of insulating glass, which increases the energy efficiency of windows by reducing the transfer of heat or cold through glass.

Reflective Glass

Reflective window glazing is commonly used in hot climates where solar heat gain control is critical.
Reflective Glass reduces heat and light with a metal oxide roaring that provides a mirrored effect. In addition to daytime privacy and minimized ultraviolet damage.

Reflective Glass provides a dramatic visual impact and is often used as an architectural design element.

Energy Efficient Glass

Some manufacturers produce float glass with a special thin coating on one side which allows the suns energy to pass through in one direction while reducing the thermal transfer the other way.
The principle behind this is the difference in thermal wavelength of energy transmitted from the sun and that transmitted from the heat within a room. This type of glass is normally used in sealed double (or triple) glazed units with the special coating on the inside as the coating is not a long lasting material.

Self Cleaning Glass Some manufacturers produce float glass with a special thin photo catalytic' coating on one side. This coating uses the ultraviolet rays from the sun to steadily break down any organic dirt on the surface using the photo catalytic effect and thus loosen the dirt from the glass. Self-cleaning glass also has hydrophilic' properties which means that when rain runs down the pane of glass, it will wash away the dirt previously loosened. Together, the photo catalytic' and 'hydrophilic' effects allow the glass to stay cleaner for a longer period than untreated glass.

Aluminium Composite Panels

Aluminium Composite Panel (ACP) is a sandwich type composite material consisting of two sheets of high strength anti corrosion aluminium skins permanently bonded to a non toxic polyethylene core in a continuous laminating process. The exterior outer skin coating is with fluorocarbon coating and the interior is coated with polyester resin ACP is extra-resistant against corrosion, chalking, and colour fading It protects from dampness and seepage and is environmentfriendly

The features of the ACP are excellent color uniformity, superior flatness, temperature resistance, easy maintenance, lightness and rigidity, corrosion resistance, superior workability and UV resistance. With array of colours and finishes ACP is a fantastic material and is excellent cladding material for exterior and interior wall decorations as well as facade, ceiling, columns, signboards. ACP is also lighter and stronger than conventional materials like marble or granite

WHY USE ACP?

Lightweight and high strength and density

Excellent flatness and good anti-scratching surface

Weatherproof and good UV resistance

Versatility
Resistance to blow and breakage

Colour uniformity

Reduction of dead weight of the building Quick and simple installation Excellent in heat and sound insulation Fire-resistance Resistance to water, acid and alkali: Easy maintenance Environment-friendly

A world-class sensibility, contemporary aesthetic with a wide range of colours, freedom from maintenance, better resistance against the elements, lightweight and high strength, superior insulation, ease of installation and environment- friendliness are some of the many reasons that ACPs are becoming increasingly popular in the building community
Every architect dreams of a marriage of form and function, making this union possible are aluminium composite panels.

AAC BLOCK
The prime function of a building is to provide a comfortable indoor environment Traditional buildings of early times had many built-in architectural features for achieving comfort. They were shaped and planned to take maximum advantage of the climate and their surroundings. Wall as a building envelope plays a crucial role in thermal comfort of the occupants and cost on energy. Cost of maintenance and energy cost needed for cooling and heating is additional cost for realizing the required passive cooling

Aerated Concrete (AAC) also known as Autoclaved Cellular Concrete (ACC) or Autoclaved Light weight Concrete (ALC) was invented in the mid-1920s by the Swedish architect and inventor Johan Axel Eriksson. It is a lightweight, precast building material that simultaneously provides structural strength along with insulation, fire and mold resistance. AAC products include blocks, wall panels, floor and roof panels, and lintels.

AACs excellent thermal efficiency makes a major contribution to environmental protection by sharply reducing the need for heating and cooling in buildings. AACs easy workability allows accurate cutting, which minimizes the generation of solid waste during use, unlike other building materials AAC can eliminate the need to be used in combination with insulation products, which increase the environmental impact and cost of construction.

AACs high resource efficiency gives low environmental impact in all phases of its life cycle right from processing of raw materials to the disposal of AAC waste.

AACs light weight also saves energy in transportation.

The fact that AAC is up to five times lighter than conventional concrete leads to significant reductions in C02 emissions durin transportation. In addition, many AAC manufacturers apply the principle of producing as near to their consumer markets as possible to reduce the need for transportation.

CONCLUSIONS
Savings in Structural Cost - 15% to 22%. Savings in time and therefore the saving in opportunity cost of Investment This saving cannot be quantified, but any possibility for early completion of project will resulting in saving in interest and Overhead cost. Saving in recurring cost (energy cost) - Energy saving 25 to 30% LEED Points(Carbon Credits & also discount on Premium in Corporation Limit Projects)

Thank You