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Types of Regulatory Molecules
Hormone – A regulatory chemical secreted
into the blood by an endocrine gland, or an
organ exhibiting endocrine function.
Target Cells respond to hormone
Neurohormone – A chemical messenger secreted
by neuron into the blood rather than the synaptic
cleft.
Paracrine - regulatory molecules work
without being transmitted by the blood – not
endocrine
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HORMONES
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PARACRINE
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NEUROHORMONES
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Types of hormones
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receptor response as protein hormones
i. Epinepherine
ii. Norepinepherine
iii. Thyroid hormones
iv. Melatonin
c. Steroid hormones – binds to the
intracellular receptors; slow actions
i. Gonadal hormones
Estrogen, progesterone, androgens .1
ii. Adrenal hormones
Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids .1
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RECEPTORS
RECEPTORS:
1. Surface receptors
a. Channel linked
b. G protein
c. Enzyme linked
2. Intracellular receptors
a. Cytoplasmic
b. Nuclear
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Hormones are Extremely Powerful
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Hormones That Enter Cells
Fat soluble hormones pass through the target
cell’s plasma membrane and bind to
intracellular receptor proteins.
hormone receptor complex then binds to specific
regions of DNA
activate genes and regulate target cells
Steroid hormones binds cytoplasmic receptors
Thyroid hormone binds nuclear receptors
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Steroid Hormone Action
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Hormones That Do Not Enter
Cells
Hormones that are too large or too polar to
cross plasma membranes include all of the
peptide and glycoprotein hormones, as well
as catecholamine hormones epinephrine and
norepinephrine.
bind to receptor proteins located on the outer
surface of the plasma membrane
cyclic AMP second-messenger system
IP3/CA++ second-messenger system
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Action of Epinephrine on a
Liver Cell 1. Epinephrine is water soluble
and needs to bind to specific
receptor proteins on cell surface.
2. Acting through intermediary G
proteins the hormone bound
receptor activates the enzyme
adenenyl cyclase which converts
ATP to cAMP
3. Cyclic AMP performs as a
2ndary messenger and activates
protein kinase-A an enzyme that
was previously inactive
4. Protein kinase–A
phosphorylates and activates the
enzyme phosphorylase which
catalyses the hydrolysis of glycogen
into glucose.
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IP3/CA++ Second-Messenger System
1. The hormone epinephrine
binds to specific receptor
proteins on the cell surface.
2. Acting through G- proteins,
the hormone-bound receptor
activates the enzyme
phospholipase C, which converts
membrane phospholipids into
inositol triphosphate (IP3)
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Pituitary & all Hormones are Under the
Control of the Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus
RF Hormone
SH Hormone
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Human Endocrine System
major glands
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
Develops from a pouch of epithelial tissue that pinches off the roof of the
embryo’s mouth.
produces the hormones it secretes:
growth hormone (GH) stimulates muscles and bones to grow
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) regulates corticosteroid secretion
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulates the production of thyroxin by
thyroid gland
luteinizing hormone (LH) ovulation and testosterone production in testes
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) develops ovarian follicle and sperm in
males
prolactin (PRL) stimulates mammary glands to produce milk
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) synthesis and dispersion of melanin
pigment
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
Hypothalamic control of anterior pituitary gland
secretion
Neurons in the hypothalamus secrete releasing
hormones and inhibiting hormones into blood
capillaries at the base of the hypothalamus.
Each hormone delivered by hypothalamohypophysial portal
system regulates secretion or inhibition of a specific
anterior pituitary hormone.
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Hypothalamic Hormones:
Pituitary Hormones:
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Problems with GH
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Other Anterior Pituitary
Hormone Functions
ACTH: LH & FSH:
works on the cortex of the LH in females and in males leads
adrenal gland, influencing to sex hormone secretion
the release of cortisol FSH in females causes growth
stress can increase CRH and development of egg cell-
secretion which will containing follicles in the ovary,
increase ACTH secretion and causes estrogen secretion
negative feedback when FSH in males stimulates sperm
adrenal cortex hormones production
in blood decrease CRH both hormones are regulated by
secretion GnRH, which is not significant in
concentration until puberty
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More Anterior Pituitary
Hormone Functions
PRL:
In females, PRL promotes
TSH:
lactation works on thyroid gland to
cause secretion of hormones
PRL decreases LH
secretion (note that too works on thyroid gland to
much PRL cause sterility) affect its growth (too much
TSH leads to a goiter)
Controlled by both PRH and
PIH negative feedback via thyroid
hormones in blood
stress or cold temperatures
can change TSH secretion
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Posterior Pituitary Gland
Pituitary
gland hangs by a stalk from the
hypothalamus of the brain.
anterior pituitary - appears glandular
posterior pituitary - appears fibrous
Neurons produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
and oxytocin.
stored in, and released from, the posterior
pituitary gland in response to neural stimulation
from the hypothalamus
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Function of Posterior Pituitary
Lobe Hormones
ADH: OT:
as an “antidiuretic,” ADH In females, contracts the
decreases urine formation by uterine wall smooth
having kidneys conserve water muscles
also can contract smooth muscle In females, helps to eject
cells, as found in blood vessels-- milk when lactating
this causes an increase in blood
pressure
ADH release triggered by
osmoreceptors and inhibited by
stretch receptors in blood
vessels
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Effects of ADH
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Major Pituitary Gland
Hormones
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The Thyroid Gland
Structure: This bi-lobed gland contains many follicles. A follicle is
a group of cells encircling a lumen. The lumen contains material
called colloid (a glycoprotein) within it. As hormones are produced
by the cells, the hormones are either released into the colloid or
directly into the blood.
There are also extra
follicular hormone-secreting cells, called C cells. These are found
between lumina.
Hormones Produced:
Thyroxine (T4) made in follicle
Triiodotyronine (T3) made in follicle
Calcitonin made by C cells 37
Regulation of Thyroxine
Secretion
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...About the Thyroid Hormones
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Regulation of Blood Calcium
Levels
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Adrenal Glands
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The Adrenal Medulla
Acts very much like a part of the sympathetic nervous
system (fight or flight)
Secretes two amines:
norepinephrine (20%)
epinephrine (80%)
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Adrenal Glands
Adrenal cortex
Hormones from adrenal cortex are collectively referred
to as corticosteroids.
Cortisol maintains glucose homeostasis, and modulates
some aspects of the immune response.
Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and
secrete K+ into the urine.
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More about Adrenal Cortex Hormones
Aldosterone: Cortisol:
Considered a mineralocorticoid Considered a glucocorticoid
Regulates “mineral electrolyte” Overall effect of cortisol:
levels in the blood (for example: Helps to keep blood glucose
Na+ and K+ ions)
concentration within a normal
How is aldosterone controlled? range between meals
blood plasma ion
Specific actions of cortisol:
concentrations affect its increases amino acid
secretion directly (but not
concentration in the blood (by
always strongly)
inhibiting protein synthesis in
kidney secretes renin in
select tissues)
response to altered electrolyte promotes use of fat for energy
levels, which triggers
production in our bodies (rather
angiotensin activation in the
than glucose)
blood, which leads to
stimulates the liver to synthesize
aldosterone secretion
ACTH from the anterior
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pituitary can cause
The Pancreas
This gland has both endocrine and exocrine
functions… (exocrine is for digestion)
The endocrine portion of the gland contains
three types of cells, each making a different
hormone, arranged into groups called Islets of
Langerhans
alpha cells: secrete glucagon
beta cells: secrete insulin
delta cells: secrete SS (somatostatin)
Note that these pancreatic hormones are
involved in blood glucose regulation, and
problems with them can lead to diabetes.
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Blood Glucose Regulation by the
Pancreas Insulin:
Glucagon: It works on the liver to
It works on the liver to cause remove glucose from the
the production of glucose blood via:
via: making glycogen
glycogenolysis preventing
gluconeogenesis gluconeogenesis
It is regulated by blood increasing glucose
transport into cells
glucose levels directly:
secreted when blood glucose It is also regulated by blood
drops (before next meal) glucose levels directly
Prevents hypoglycemia Prevents hyperglycemia
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Gonads & Hormones
LH & FSH
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Pineal Gland
Secretes only one hormone: melatonin
Involved in your circadian rhythm (your
recognition of day and night times):
melatonin secretion decreases in the day
melatonin secretion increases at night
Melatonin is also involved in longer rhythms,
like monthly and seasonal… and is thought
to be involved in the female menstrual cycle
and maybe in the onset of puberty
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