ANAND

AMOL
VISHNU

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Outline
Introduction Theory Turbidimetry / Nephelometry Basic Concept Tyndall effect Instrumentation Factor Affecting on Turbidance Applications
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INTRODUCTION
When electromagnetic radiation (light) strikes a particle in solution, some of the light will be absorbed by the particle, some will be transmitted through the solution and some of the light will be scattered or reflected.

The amount of light scattered is proportional to the

concentration of insoluble particle.

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THEORY
Scattered light may be measured by Turbidimetry Turbidimetry involves the measurement of the intensity of the Transmitted light as a function of the CONC. Of the Dispersed phase.
Nephelometry

Nephelometry involves the measurement of the intensity of the Scattered light as a function of the CONC. Of the Dispersed phase.
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Basic Concept
Light scattering is the physical phenomenon resulting

from the interaction of light with a particles in solution. Scattering of light is mainly Dependent on : Particle size Wavelength Distance between incident light and sample cell Concentration of particles Molecular Weight of particles
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Tyndall effect
Is the Scattering of light- by particles in a colloidal Solution The longer-wavelength light is more transmitted while the shorter-wavelength light is more reflected via scattering.

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Tyndall effect
Example of the Tyndall effect The visible beam of headlights in fog is caused by the Tyndall effect. The water droplets scatter the light, making the headlight beams visible.

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Light Scattering Phenomenon

The blue color of the sky result from scattering of light of small dust particles, water molecules and

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other gases. The sky is blue because violet and blue light are scattered to a greater extent than other longer wavelengths.

Contd

Contd

The red colour of the sun at sunset result from scattering of light
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INSTRUMENTATION
basic instrument contains Light Source :-Tungsten lamp,
Filters Sample cells

:- Turbidimeter (blue filter or 530 nm) :-Cylindrical Cell with Flat Faces

Detectors

:- Photomultiplier tube,

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Principle behind instrument

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Modern Turbidimeter
Cylindrical cells - Flat faces to minimize reflections & multiple scatterings

Cylindrical Cells

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FACTORS AFFECTING
The amount of radiation removed or deviated from

the primary radiation beam depends on the following factors

1. CONCENTRATION
2. SIZE OF THE PARTICLE 3. WAVELENGTH OF LIGHT ON SCATTERING
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1. Concentration S = log I/Io= kbc

I/Io = T = Transmittance S = Turbidence due to scattering k = Turbidity constant b= Path length c = Concentration of suspended material
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2.Effect of particle size

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How to control the particle size?

The fraction of the light scattered at any angle depends to a large extent upon the size and shape of the solid particles
Factors influencing particle size during precipitation 1. Concentration of reagent 2. Rate and order of mixing of reagent 3. Time allowed for particle growth 4. Temperature 5. pH and ionic strength
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3. Wavelength of light
Wavelength of light used should be
1. It should not be absorbed strongly by suspension 2. There should be an appreciable difference between the refrative indices of Suspended

particle and the Suspension medium

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Types of turbidimeter
Bench Top

Portable
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On-Line
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Actual industrial Instrument

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Application of turbidimetry
Determination of Carbon dioxide 2. Determination of inorganic substances
1.

Sulphate:- Barium Chloride Ammonia :- Nesslers Reagent Phosphorus :- Strychine Molybdate

3. Biochemical Analysis 4. Quantitave Analysis (ppm level) 5. Determination of M.W of high polymers 6. Phase titration 7. Analysis of water for clarity in water treatment, power

and steam generation plants

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References
Analytical Chemistry- Garry Chrisdian
Instrumental Analytical Chemistry- H. Kaur Laboratory Instumentation-Mary C. Haven, Gregory A. Tetrault, Jerald R. Schenken . John

Wiley and Sons.

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