What is black out. Impacts of black out.

Causes
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Largest power outage in history Occurred as two separate events on 30 and 31 July 2012 total load of about 48,000 MW Affected over 620 million people, half of India's population Spread across 22 states in Northern, Eastern, and Northeast India The entire restoration of Power was done after 20 hours

Main cause is the failure of the 3 grids out of the 5 main grids in the country

National Load Dispatch Center (NLDC) Regional Load Dispatch Center (RLDC) State Load Dispatch Center (SLDC) Area Load Dispatch Center (ALDC)

Grid System Failure:

This occurs when there is over drawl of power in the grid system
The general cut off range for the grid is 50 Hz. If crossed system breaks.

Y Over Drawl in 2012 Not earlier ????? The over drawl of power is interlinked with a numerous causes. They are Monsoon Fuel Shortage Defective Distribution System

Late Monsoon , later almost by 4 months causing water deficit in the north eastern regions,

The above resulted in worst drought. About 15 million tube wells for agricultural irrigation depend on electric pumps That is a main reason for the overuse of electric in north states which contributed in the blackout

The outside heat index was as high as 40.0 in some days during a month Residents had to use air-conditioner and blast fan to cool themselves under the high temperature

Hydro Generation

Hydroelectric is the second domination of the national electric supplier, constituting about 19% of the whole occupation. Through the data of past years, it is not hard to find that the northern region is rich of hydro power. However, the low rainfall in 2012 restricted the power delivered by hydroelectric dams increased the demand from other grids.

The data tells that coal is main source of fuel covering 80% . State-owned Coal India sell to power producers at a discount of about 75 percent of the market price, but the company hasnt been producing enough coal to meet power industry demand Restrictions from the government on new mining allocation and price. 60-70% of India's coal lies under protected forests or designated tribal lands. Due to political issues the problem still prevails Rupees 26 percent slide against the dollar over the past 12 months, importing coal isnt an option.

The Aggregate Technical and Commercial Loss (AT&C) is defined as the power lost due to inefficient transmission and distribution infrastructure. Indias AT&C losses are as high as 30% . For 100 units , there us 30 lost due to transmission

Commercial losses are mainly due to low metering efficiency, pilferage and theft of power Also due to political factor such as free power for farmers during the election campaigns and offering power at a low price lessens the fund for electricity generation.

Late Monsoon , later almost by 4 months causing water deficit in the north eastern regions,

Weak inter-regional power transmission corridors due to multiple existing outages High Loading on 400 kV BinaGwalior-Agra link. Inadequate response by SLDCs to the instructions of (RLDCs) to reduce overdraw by the Northern Region utilities and underdrawal/excess generation by the Western Region utilities. Loss of 400 kV Bina-Gwalior link due to mis-operation of its protection system.

To make an assessment of how best to address the power needs to meet the future growth and prevent such massive power failures To develop sustainable energy solutions for the existing and upcoming projects. Like the SMART GRID System

Reducing the demand supply gap. Ensuring Strict Grid Dusciplines

More Authority or power to the RLDC to solve problems

Incases of overdrawl heavy penalties

Aggressively expand large-scale deployment of both centralised and distributed renewable energy Enact a National Renewable Energy Standard/Policy of 20% by 2020 Develop favorable Government policies Accelerate local demand Phase out all conventional energy subsidies Accelerate the development and implementation of cost-effective energy efficiency standards Initiate a move to electrify automotive transportation Aggressively invest in a smart, two-way grid (and micro-grid) Develop large scale solar manufacturing in India Work towards a Hydrogen Economy development plan

Expand large-scale deployment of both centralized and distributed renewable energy

Enhance renewable energy projects such as Solar ,Wind, Biomass and Geo Thermal.

Sustainable development Helps to phase out conventional energy subsidies (eg. Biomass or biogas compete with Petroleum products)

Cost effective development in long term demand Accelerate local demand by Feed-in-Traffic and

othere incentives

Aggressively invest in a smart, two-way grid (and micro-grid)

More reliable - provides power, when and where its users need it and of the quality they value. More secure - withstands physical and cyber-attacks without suffering massive blackouts or exorbitant recovery costs. It is also less vulnerable to natural disasters and recovers quickly. More economic - operates under the basic laws of supply and demand, resulting in fair prices and adequate supplies. More efficient - employs strategies that lead to cost control, minimal transmission and distribution losses, efficient power production, and optimal asset utilization. More environmentally friendly - reduces environmental impacts thorough improvements in efficiency and by enabling the integration of a larger percentage of intermittent resources. Safer - does no harm to the public or to grid workers and is sensitive to users who depend on it as a medical necessity

Implement Flexible ac Transmission Systems (FACTS)

Use UF and UPS; provides automatically shut off load when over withdrawal Use Static VAR compensators (SVCs); provide significant improvement in voltage control Develop favorable Government policies to implement this system

Ensuring Strict Grid Disciplines Give more Authority or power to the RLDC to solve problems (like introduced heavy panalties)

Expand PPP concept in Power Projects:

Main sources of power failure is demand and supply gap.

Need to meet demand and supply , so introduced more power

projects such as renewable energy

Promote more private to participate this kind of projects by Feed-in-Traffic and other incentives such as accelerated depreciation, tax holidays, renewable energy funds, initiatives for international partnerships/collaboration incentives for new technologies, human resources development, zero import duty on capital equipment and raw material, excise duty exemption and low interest rate loans.