FACTS

Flexible AC Transmission Systems

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering National Institute of Technical Teachers Training and Research, Bhopal

CONTENTS
I. Introduction II. Classification III. Series controller IV. Shunt controller V. Combined controller VI. Comparison with HVDC VII. Advantages VIII. Conclusion IX. References

INTRODUCTION
IEEE DEFINITION AC transmission systems incorporating power electronic based and other static controllers to enhance controllability and to increase power transfer capability. Developed by EPRI in early 1970. Superior to conventional control mechanism because they are small in size, less costly.

CLASSIFICATION
FACTS CONTROLLERS

SERIES

SHUNT

COMBINED
SERIES AND SHUNT

SSSC

SVC

UPFC

TCSC

STATCOM

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON SWITCHING FRQUENCY

Low frequency (50 60 Hz) Medium frequency switching (100 500 Hz) High frequency switching ( > 500 Hz)

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON COMMUTATION

Forced Commutation : GTO Natural commutation : SCR

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON TYPE OF PE DEVICE USED

Variable impedence type
Static Var Compensator (SVC), (shunt connected) Thyrister Controlled Series Capacitor or compensator (TCSC), (series connected) Thyristor Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer (TCPST) of Static PST (combined shunt and series)

Voltage source convertor

Static synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) (shunt connected) Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) (series connected) Interline Power Flow Controller (IPFC) (combined series-series) Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) (combined shuntseries)

SERIES CONTROLLER
Injects voltage in series with the line More powerful controller For voltage and power quality control Improve transient stability of power system SSSC, PAR, TCSC, TSSC, TCSR, TSSR, IPFC

SHUNT CONTROLLER
Injects current in shunt with the line. Line flow control Damping control STATCOM, SVC, TCR, TSR, TSC

COMBINED CONTOLLER
Series and shunt connected

Unified power flow controller

STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR(STATCOM)

For supplying reactive power Active power control is possible Quick response Less space

STATIC SYNCHRONOUS SERIES COMPENSATOR(SSSC)

Exchange both active and reactive power Compensate drop due to reactive and resistance losses Maintains constant X/R ratio

UNIFIED POWER FLOW CONTROLLER (UPFC)

Combination of STATCOM and SSSC Control both active and reactive power Provides high flexibility Terminal voltage control Phase angle regulation Series line compensation

Comparison with HVDC

HVDC Independent frequency and control Lower line cost Power control Voltage control Stability control FACTS Power control Voltage control Stability control Economical

HVDC Economically transmit electrical energy long distance via overhead lines or cables. Connects asynchronous grids or grids with different frequencies. Costly equipments used and takes time not so widespread.

FACTS Offers low cost power delivery with the same advantages as HVDC. Increases capacity of existing electrical transmission system. Rapidly implemented installations.

ADVANTAGES OF FACTS
Power transmission capability System stability Power quality Less Transmission losses Dynamic and reactive power support and voltage control Dynamic oscillation in power system

Problem of blackout solved

Economical and eco friendly

CONCLUSION
FACTS is an application of power electronics in transmission system. FACTS controllers makes a system flexible. FACTS controllers are classified based on connection, commutation etc.

SVC, STATCOM, UPFC etc. have a number of applications in power systems.

FACTS has an important role in active and reactive power control. FACTS helps to improve the capacity of an existing system. FACTS controllers improve the power quality and stability.

References
[1] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, IEEE Press, 1999.