M.KANNAN M.Sc., M.PHIL.

,
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
V.H.N.S.N.COLLEGE,
VIRUDHUNAGAR.
What is Nano Technology?
“Control and manipulation of Matter
At Nanometer dimensions.”

What is nanometer dimension:

Particles at nanoscale size (ie)10-9
Meter (or) One Billionth of a meter

When Nano particles are engineered

For biological purpose it gives Nanobiotechnology.
ALL LIVING AND NON LIVING MATTER
IS COMPOSED OF NANOPARTICLES
 NANO PARTICLES ARE
• APPLIED IN
__ Biotechnology
__ Digital technology
__ Agriculture
__ Medicine
__ Environmental science
__ Pharmacology
__ Animal husbandry and
fisheries
__ Defense.
 “ Nanotechnology is the Understanding
and control of matter at dimensions of roughly
1 to 100 nanometers, where unique
phenomenon enable Novel applications ”

-- The National Nanotechnology Initiative

of the US Government
Nanoscien
e
Deals with manipulation of atoms using powerful
Instruments
Nano particles Are prepared by

Top Down Process

Nano
Large material

Bottom Up Process
. . .
Arranging Atom by Atom
 The use of bottom-up and
top-down techniques in manufacturing
 Nano Technology
GK word: Dwarf
Domain: 1nm-100nm
Covers Nanoparticles

FUSION OF

Chemistry Mathematics
Physics Cognitive science
Biology Genomics
Proteomics Information
technology
Bio Technology
 Nanotech Products
 Emerging products
 Intel will make products with 45 nm linewidth
transistors available from 2008
 Batteries are increasingly incorporating
nanostructures.
 Flexible, cheaper, or more luminous Flat screen
displays
 Available in 2006
 Surface coatings: TCnano, Nanocover, Stay clean.
• Available in 2005

• Molybdenum disulfide catalytic nanoparticles in Brimm

catalyst made by Haldor Topsøe
• Apples IPod with sub 100nm elements in its memory
chips
• Choleterol reducing nanoencapsulated oil,Shemen
Industries Canola Active.
• Nanocrystals improve the consistency of chocolate
• Nanotex textiles once again ArcticShield polyester socks
from ARC Outdoors with 19nm silver particles that kill
fungs to reduce odor.
• NanoGuard developed by Behr Process for improved
paint hardness.
• Pilkingtons self-cleaning 'Activ Glass'.
• NanoBreeze Air Purifier from NanoTwin Technologies,
where the UV light from a fluorescent tube cleans the air
by photochemical reactions in nanoparticles.
Nano Products Available Now
 GROWTH OF NANO BUSINESS
Private Nanobusiness was born only in 1997
Global 2003 - 3 Billion US
Dollars
Expected 5 – 225 Billion US Dollar
Market Value of Nano products
2008 – 700 billion
US Dollar
2015- 1 Trillion US Dollar
Expected Patents in 2005 More than 100
6000 Corporate
Companies Invited
 Current Global Scenario of Activity in
NanObiotechnology and associated medical
applications
 NANOPARTCILES AT A GLANCE
Nanotubes
Formed by curling of Carbon molecule
Clay nanotubes ---CHRISTOLITE,

Tunston Nanotubes
FULLERENES
---- Allotropic form of carbon molecule
60,80 carbon atoms arranged in hexagons or
pentagons like the cage like the designed by 20th
Century American architect Buckminister fuller so
this particles are called fullerenes
 Nanoparticles In Fish farming

Pond cleaning Disease management

Eg. Nano particles are used
to control pollution in fish pond.
(Nevada-based Altair company has
Developed Nano check for cleaning water
From fishponds and swimming pools).

Device with Absorb phosphate from water

40 nm Lanthanum
based compound Prevent the growth of algae

Pond water cleaned regularly

 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN
AQUACULTURE
DNA Nanovaccine For Fish-Tested in Rainbow trout
Short strands
of DNA Encapsulate in
Nanocapsules made of chitosan
Add to the fishpond

Gets into body of the fish

Ultrasound applied to rupture capsule

relasing DNA strand

DNA elicite immune reponse in fish and fish is healthy

 NANO TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTUE

*CROP BREEDING WITH HIGH

MICRONUTRIENT CONTENT

*EARLY DETECTION AND CONTROL OF

DISEASES

* FOOD PROCESSING AND STORAGE

EFFICIENCY
 PREVENTION OF FOOD SPOILAGE
Method I
- Wheat and Rice spoilage is millions of tons
- Reason for spoilage is temperature accelerating
microbial growth in food.
- Oxygen increases dageneration process and microbial
growth.
- But Co2 inhibits microbial growth
- So Carbon nanotubes are used in food packages to
scavenge oxygen and spoilage prevented
Method II ATOMICALLY MODIFIED FOOD AN ALTERNATIVE TO

GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD THAILAND CHIANG MAI UNIVERSITY

Modified local rice varieties atomically and cultivate it throughout the year.

HOW? Perforation of the wall of rice cell using particle beam

Introducing one Nitrogen atom in to the cell

DNA of Rice Cell Rearranged
Atomically Modified Rice
 NANO TECHNOLOGY AND MICROBES

Nanoparticles are Antimicrobials

e.g. Gold, Silver, Nanoparticles.
Nanoparticle bandages developed
In Bacteria Nanoparticles
Destroy Nutrient transporting enzymes
Destroy cell wall
Destroy cytoplasm
MICROBES ARE ENGINEERED TO PRODUCE
NANOPARICLES
Eg. Fungus Vorticillium
– intra cellular Gold and silver Nanoparticle
FUNGUS FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM
– Extra cellular nano gold particles.
Antimicrotial action of nanoparticles
e.g.. silver,Gold.
Antimicrobial Action Kill bacteria, virus, moulds
Kill 100% of HIV and other viruses at 370C/3
hrs.
silver Nanoparticles
Silver Nanocloths Sterile to wear At hospital To
avoid. S.aureus Nosocomial Infections
Incorporated to Athletic shoes
Brooms
Plastic products
Cleaners
Nylon products
Fridge
Shoes
Medical equipment
Water filters.
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH
CARE NANOMEDICINE

• DISEASES CONTROL THROUGH DIAGNOSIS,

MONITORING AND TREATMENT

Detailed Roles
– 1. DRUG AND GENE DELIVERY
– 2. BIO DETECTION OF PATHOGENS- DIAGNOSIS
– 3. IMAGING- MRI CONTRAST
– 4. DETECTION OF PROTEIN
– 5.PROBING OF DNA STRUCTURE
– 6.TUMOUR DESTRUCTION
– 7. SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION OF BIOLOGICAL
MOLECULES AND CELL
– 8. TISSUE ENGINEERING
– 9. THERAPEUTIC ROLE
Nanotechnologies Used in Both
Research
and Commercial Applications
Nanotechnologies Used in
MEDICIN
 Health Care: Nerve Tissue
Talking to Computers

• Neuro-electronic networks interface

nerve cells with semiconductors
– Possible applications in brain research,
neurocomputation, prosthetics, biosensors

Snail neuron grown on a chip that records the neuron’s activity

 Health Care:
Detecting Diseases Earlier
• Quantum dots glow in UV light
– Injected in mice, collect in tumors
– Could locate as few as 10 to 100 cancer
cells

Quantum Dots: Nanometer-sized crystals

that contain free electrons and emit
photons when submitted to UV light
Early tumor detection,
studied in mice
 Health Care: Growing
Tissue to Repair Hearts

• Nanofibers help heart muscle grow in

the lab
– Filaments ‘instruct’ muscle to grow in
orderly way
– Before that, fibers grew in random
directions
Health Care: Preventing Viruses from
Infecting Us
• Nanocoatings over proteins on viruses
– Could stop viruses from binding to cells
– Never get another cold or flu?

Gold tethered to the

Influenza virus: Note proteins on
protein shell of a virus
outside that bind to cells
 Health Care: Making Repairs
to the Body
• Nanorobots are imaginary, but
nanosized delivery systems could…
– Break apart kidney stones, clear plaque
from blood vessels, ferry drugs to tumor
cells
 NANOPARTICULATE DRUGS

• Elan-NanoSystems™ technology reduces

the particle size of a poorly water
soluble drug from a several micron
particle size to a 50+ nanometer size

• Reduction in particle size results in an

increase in surface area
 Background Regarding
Nanoparticulate Drugs

• Increased active agent surface area

results in a faster dissolution of the
active agent in an aqueous environment,
such as the human body
•Faster dissolution generally equates with
greater bioavailability, smaller drug
doses, less toxicity, and other benefits
NanoCrystals Increase
Surface Area
 Exemplary Benefits of
Nanoparticulate Drugs

• Increased bioavailability
• Faster onset of action
• Dose uniformity
• Reduction in fed/fasted variability
• Decreased toxicity
• Smaller dosage form (i.e., smaller tablet)
• Stable dosage forms of drugs which are
either unstable or have unacceptably low
bioavailability in non-nanoparticulate
dosage forms
Cancer Incidence and Mortality
Examples of Nanotechnologies
with Potential
Cancer Prevention Applications
CANCER DETECTION WITH
NANOSCALE CANTILEVERS
 Nano wires detect
multiple biomarkers of
cancer
 A DIVERSE SET OF OPPORTUNITIES
Coatings &
Medical Cosmetics Powders
Paints
applications
Drug Chemical
Bio- delivery Coatings
Nanobio Lubricants catalysts
materials
NEMS
Medical
diagnostics Textiles
Tissue/orga Nano-
n regen arrays
Memory/Storage
Composites Displays
Food devices
Smart
packaging
implants
Energy/ 1-4 Molecular
Sensors Simple
Portable circuitry
fuel cells ICs
Energy Lighting 5-8
Micro- Quantum
cells Solar
processors computing
cells 9-14

Energy, 15+ Devices &

Industrial Year Microelectronics
HURDLES IN APPLYING
NANOTECHNOLOGY TO
MEDICINE
 Potential Risks of Nanotechnology
• Health issues
– Nanoparticles could be inhaled, swallowed, absorbed
through skin, or deliberately injected
– Could they trigger inflammation and weaken the
immune system? Could they interfere with regulatory
mechanisms of enzymes and proteins?
• Environmental issues
– Nanoparticles could accumulate in soil, water, plants;
traditional filters are too big to catch them
• New risk assessment methods are needed
– National and international agencies are beginning to
study the risk; results will lead to new regulations
 Summary: Science at the Nanoscale
• An emerging, interdisciplinary science
– Integrates chemistry, physics, biology, materials
engineering, earth science, and computer science
• The power to collect data and manipulate particles at such a
tiny scale will lead to
– New areas of research and technology design
– Better understanding of matter and interactions
– New ways to tackle important problems in healthcare,
energy, the environment, and technology
– A few practical applications now, but most are years or
decades away
DISCUSSION
THANK YOU