Experiment 1 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

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Purpose
Collect data and determine the effect of reactants, temperature, concentration, surface area and catalysts on reaction rate.

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Background
Chemical Kinetics An area of chemistry concerned with the speed (rate) at which a reaction occurs. - This rate is described by the change of concentration of a reactant (or product) over time.

Valdosta State University

Background
Chemical Kinetics An area of chemistry concerned with the speed (rate) at which a reaction occurs. - This rate is described by the change of concentration of a reactant (or product) over time.

reactant rate t

Valdosta State University

Background
Chemical Kinetics An area of chemistry concerned with the speed (rate) at which a reaction occurs. - This rate is described by the change of concentration of a reactant (or product) over time.

reactant rate t

or

product rate t

recall [ ] = mole/L

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Background
Consider the reaction: C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)

Valdosta State University

Background
Consider the reaction: C4H9Cl(aq) + H2O(l) C4H9OH(aq) + HCl(aq)
0.12 0.1

concentration (M)

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

time (seconds)
C4H9Cl C4H9(OH)

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Background
- The rate for this reaction changes as the concentration changes. - Several factors can affect the rate of reaction:
- nature of reactants - temperature - presence of a catalyst - concentration - surface area

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Background Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

Nature of Reactants - Some substances are naturally more reactive than others and, therefore; undergo rapid chemical changes. For example: Lithium reacts with water Sodium reacts strongly with water Potassium reacts explosively with water

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Background Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

Temperature - Increasing temperature increases the reaction rate. - As a general rule, each 10oC increase in temperature doubles the reaction rate. - Temperature is a reflection of the kinetic energy available to the reaction.

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Background Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

Presence of a Catalyst - A catalyst is a substance that accelerates a reaction without undergoing a net chemical change. - This means a catalyst can be recovered, unchanged, at the end of the reaction. - In biological systems, a catalyst is called an enzyme.

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Background Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

Concentration of Reactants - Increasing concentration, in most cases, increases the reaction rate. - This is because more reactant molecules are available to combine and react.

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Background Factors Affecting Reaction Rate

Surface Area - Surface Area works much the same way as concentration. - As surface area increases, the reaction rate increases. - Finely ground particles have many more molecules exposed and available for reaction.

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Procedure Nature of Reactants

1. Add one piece of the three metals into each of three test tubes. 2. Add 5 mL of 6M HCl to each of three test tubes.

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Procedure Nature of Reactants

1. Add one piece of the three metals into each of three test tubes. 2. Add 5 mL of 6M HCl to each of three test tubes.

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Procedure Nature of Reactants

1. Add one piece of the three metals into each of three test tubes. 2. Add 5 mL of 6M HCl to each of three test tubes. 3. Observe the relative rates of bubbling in each of three test tubes.

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Procedure Nature of Reactants

1. Add one piece of the three metals into each of three test tubes. 2. Add 5 mL of 6M HCl to each of three test tubes. 3. Observe the relative rates of bubbling in each of three test tubes.

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Procedure Temperature of Reactants

1. Mix solutions as described in the lab manual. 2. Place one permanganate solution and one oxalic acid solution in a warm water bath (hint-you can get water warm enough from the hot water faucets in the laboratory without using a hot plate). 3. Place one permanganate solution and one oxalic acid solution in a ice water bath (cool!!). 4. Leave the third set of test tubes at room temperature. 5. Leave these solutions in their baths for at least five minutes or until needed.

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Procedure Temperature of Reactants

1. Mix solutions as described in the lab manual. 2. Place one permanganate solution and one oxalic acid solution in a warm water bath (hint-you can get water warm enough from the hot water faucets in the laboratory without using a hot plate). 3. Place one permanganate solution and one oxalic acid solution in a ice water bath (cool!!). 4. Leave the third set of test tubes at room temperature. 5. Leave these solutions in their baths for at least five minutes or until needed.

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Procedure Temperature of Reactants

1. Take the temperature of the permanganate sample and record the temperature. 2. Combine the permanganate and oxalate solutions and immediately begin timing the reaction.

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Procedure Temperature of Reactants

1. Take the temperature of the permanganate sample and record the temperature. 2. Combine the permanganate and oxalate solutions and immediately begin timing the reaction.

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Procedure Temperature of Reactants

1. Take the temperature of the permanganate sample and record the temperature. 2. Combine the permanganate and oxalate solutions and immediately begin timing the reaction. 3. Repeat for the warmed and cooled solutions.

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Procedure Adding a Catalyst

1. In a medium test tube add about 2 mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. Observe the rate of bubbling. 2. Add a small pinch of manganese(IV)oxide. Observe the rate of bubbling.

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Procedure Effect of Concentration

1. Mix reagents according to Table 1.1 on page 10. Be sure that the test tubes used in this part of the experiment are very clean.

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Procedure Effect of Concentration

1. Mix reagents according to Table 1.1 on page 10. Be sure that the test tubes used in this part of the experiment are very clean.

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Procedure Effect of Concentration

1. Mix reagents according to Table 1.1 on page 10. Be sure that the test tubes used in this part of the experiment are very clean. 2. For each trial pour the contents of test tube A into test tube B. Start timing as soon as the solutions are combined. 3. Stop the timer when the deep blue color appears.

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Procedure Effect of Concentration

1. Mix reagents according to Table 1.1 on page 10. Be sure that the test tubes used in this part of the experiment are very clean. 2. For each trial pour the contents of test tube A into test tube B. Start timing as soon as the solutions are combined. 3. Stop the timer when the deep blue color appears.

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Procedure Effect of Surface Area

1. Weigh equal amounts of calcium carbonate (chip and powder) into separate 100mL beakers. 2. Quickly add 20 mL of 6M hydrochloric acid to each beaker, and compare the rate of bubbling.

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Safety
The acids (HCl and H2SO4) are corrosive. If you get any on your skin, wash the affected area with water for five minutes. If in the eyes, wash your eyes for ten minutes using the eyewash station and call for medical attention.

Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidizing agent. If you get any on your skin, rinse the affected area with water for two minutes.

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Waste Disposal
All waste from this experiment should be placed in the container marked Recovered Metals and Metal Ions.

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Format
Students will work in pairs for this weeks experiment.

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First Week Information

During the first week of laboratory (the week of January 8), we will be checking into the laboratory and watching the infamous safety video again. During the second week of laboratory (the week of January 15), we will do Experiment #1, which was discussed this week. Due to the Martin Luther King, Jr. holiday, there will be no laboratory lecture on January 15. The laboratory lecture for Experiment #2 is on January 22. There WILL be a quiz for Experiment #2.

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