Role of Environment in

Urban Transportation
Planning (UTP)
Term Report Presentation
MS- Transportation Engineering
Course – Urban Transportation Planning
Submitted to:
Dr. Asif Shiekh

Prepared By: Syed Azhar Ali

CE-042, Session 2005-06
Sequence of Presentation
 Urban Transport's" Vicious or Virtuous" Cycle
 The Three E’s as Guiding Principles in Urban Development
and Transport
 Environmental/Ecological Sustainability
 Air Pollution
 Effects, Contribution by transportation, NAAQS
 Karachi Statistics, Developing countries studies
 Noise Pollution
 Sustainable Transport Instruments and Their Impact on
Greenhouse Gas Emission
 Success Stories
 Urban Transport’s
“Vicious or Virtuous" Cycle
The Three E’s as Guiding Principles in
Urban Development and Transport
Environmental/Ecological
Sustainability
Air Pollution
Transportation % Contribution to Air
Pollutants
Karachi Statistics
Karachi Statistics
1. REGISTERED VEHICLES
14,63,691 (UPTO 31-03-2003)
2. CARS 45.3%
3. MOTOR CYCLES 37.0%
4. AUTO RICKSHAWS 2.8%
5. TAXIS 3.8%
6. BUSES & MINI-BUSES
1.6%
7. TRUCKS 1.7%
8. OTHERS 7.5%
9. TRACTORS 0.3%
10.VEHICLE GROWTH 10%
PER ANNUM
11.ROAD ACCIDENTS-2000 1089
 NONFATAL 531
 FATAL 558
 Estimated Pollution Load From Mobile Combustion
Sources in Karachi (2000)

Type of %age Total Average Units # Particulate SO2 NOx CO

Vehicles comp. Vehicles Run/day Kg /Unit# Kg/Unit# Kg/Unit# Kg/Unit#
*

Light duty 39.6 405108 28 km 1000 3743 907 36298 453728

(Cars) km

Motorcycles/ 31.9 326337 10 km 1000 652 65 229 55483

Scooters km

Light duty 17.1 174933 100 km 1000 5773 1399 55979 699732
Rickshaws km

Heavy duty 9.3 95139 100 km 1000 7136 14271 199792 120826
Diesel km
Powered
Bus/Trucks

Other (Light 2.1 21483 50 km 1000 484 419 1063 1182

duty diesel km
power etc.)
Total 10,23,000
Karachi Air Pollution Map
Pollutants Concentration /Exposure
Global Pollution
Transport Emissions Determinants
Relative Contribution by Vehicle Type
Index of Pollutant Contribution per
Vehicle

 Poor Emission Characteristics or their relatively intensive use

Index of Relative “Work Efficiency”
Mexico City
Index of Relative “Work Efficiency” -
Interpretations
Noise Pollution
Noise Pollution in Pakistan
Sound Level in Six Cities of Pakistan
120
NEQS Standard lim it for
Noise Level is 85 dB
100
Sound Level (Mean of Max.)

80

60

40

20

0
Karac Lahor Pesh Quett Raw al Islam
hi e aw ar a pindi abad

1st Cycle 79.5 87 84.5 74.3 68.3 74.9

2nd Cycle 92 91 81 85 85 79
3rd Cycle 99 93.8 85 83 89 82
Sustainable Transport Instruments and Their Impact on Greenhouse Gas Emission
 Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing

Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits

Ecodrive programme — Netherlands

The objective of the ecodrive programme
implemented in the Netherlands is to 'stimulate
individual drivers, professional chauffeurs and
fleet owners in more energy-efficient purchase
and driving behaviour, leading to a reduction in
CO2 emission' (van den Hoed et al., 2006).
Specific targets were to reduce CO2 emission
The programme has successfully led to
increased fuel efficiency, and hence reduced
emissions. For example, using higher gears is more
fuel efficient compared to using lower gears for longer
periods of driving — therefore by moving up the
gears at lower speeds fuel consumption and hence
CO2 emission decreased.
 Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing

Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits

Speed control — Rotterdam

The speed at which a vehicle travels has
a strong correlation with fuel consumption,
and hence the level of emissions and
concentration of various pollutants. By
imposing more restrictive speed limits on
certain roads, emissions can be reduced
and ancillary benefits achieved.
The speed restrictions implemented on the A13
in Overschie were successful in reducing traffic
speeds. The average speed over a 24-hour period fell
from 93 kph to 70 kph (A13 east) and from 89 kph to 72
kph (A13 west). This reduction resulted in calmer and
more homogenised traffic and reduced downstream
bottlenecks and congestion
 Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing

Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits

Congestion Charging — London

Congestion charging and road user
charging schemes aim to reduce vehicle use
by charging users to pay for entering or
traveling in a specific zone, or for using a
particular stretch of road.
In terms of the scheme's objectives, the
London congestion charging scheme can be
considered a success as it has reduced congestion by
26 % compared to 2002 levels and hence emission
reduced
 Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing

Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits

Environmental zone — Prague

Prague aimed to curb negative
impacts of traffic on the environment by
almost doubling existing larger 6 tonne limit
zone (maintaining the 3.5 tonne limit zone
within the city centre area).
Compliance levels in the new part of the
environmental zone were estimated at roughly 50 %. A
shift in heavy goods traffic was seen, with associated
reductions in vehicle emission in the zone. The
measure was successful in reducing heavy vehicle
traffic by up to 85 % on the busiest routes
 Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing

Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits

Freight Construction Consolidation Centre —

London

The LCCC has been successful in reducing

The key aim of an urban freight
consolidation centre is to 'reduce the
number of separate deliveries to one place
by providing facilities where deliveries can
be collected together and then a high load
vehicle can make one large delivery into the
target area
the number of construction vehicles entering the City
of London, and in reducing the number of vehicles
delivering to other sites served by the LCCC. It is
thought that the number of vehicles has been reduced
by 68 %.
 Success Stories Within the Road Transport Sector on Reducing

Greenhouse Gas Emission And Producing Ancillary Benefits

Teleconferencing (ICT) — the United Kingdom

Teleconferencing is the substitution of

physical meetings by electronic ones
Recent survey has shown that conferencing has
been successful in reducing the total amount of
through the use of audioconferencing,
business travel undertaken by BT employees.
videoconferencing and web conferencing.
This reduces dead time in transport,
reduces the uncertainty of potential travel