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SISTEM LEVER
Lever is a rigid bar which rotates about a fixed point, known as the fulcrum or axis of motion

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Fulcrum or axis of motion

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Point of Fulcrum/Axis of Motion

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Syarat untuk mengetahui Lever

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Letak axis sendi

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Insersio Otot yang bekerja

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Gerakannya

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CLASSIFICATION OF LEVERS

Lever I

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Lever II Lever III

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Effort Fulcrum Resistance

Lever I

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F terletak diantara E dan R

Contoh dari Lever ini adalah 1. Extensor neck balancing the weight of the head 2. Hip abductors balancing the weight of the body when standing on one leg

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F = atlanto Occipital joint

E

E = Erector Spine muscle

R = weight Of the head

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E
F

Lever II R terletak diantara F dan E

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Contoh dari lever ini adalah: Action of the muscle brachioradialis when acting as a flexor of the forearm

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E F

Lever III Effort terletak diantara F dan R

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Contoh dari lever ini adalah: Biceps brachii acting to raise the weight of the forearm about the fulcrum of the elbow joint Hamstring act about the knee joint flexing the lower leg

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Makna dari Lever

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Ada MA (Mechanical Advantage)

Achieving Equality

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MA is the ratio of Load arm : Effort arm

MA =

Lenght of the effort arm

Lenght of the resistance arm

Load arm = F.d

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Beban kerja untuk lever W.d = E.d E=

d

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When the two lenghts are the same, MA is equal to 1 When the MA > 1, it means muscle is working efficient and has a positive MA When the MA < 1, it means muscle is working less efficient

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Equilibrium and stability

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Line of Gravity Centre of Gravity

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Line of Gravity
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Human body consist of a number of segment, each of which contributes a percentage weight

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The line of gravity

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S2

This resultant is known As the line of gravity

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Segmental Weight (SW)

Segmen Tubuh Kepala Trunkus Lengan Atas Lengan Bawah Tangan Paha Tungkai Bawah Kaki
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Laki-Laki (%) 8,26 46,84 3,25 1,87 0,65 10,50 4,75 1,43
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Wanita(%) 8,20 45,00 2,90 1,57 0,50 11,75 5,35 1,33

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Centre of Gravity
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The Point through which this line of gravity would pass with the body oriented in any direction is called the centre of gravity. In the standing position, this lies at approximately the level of the second scaral vertebra

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Tugas :
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Hitung segmental weight anda masing-masing Hitung beban kerja untuk otot erector spine untuk 5 rekan anda Hitung MA untuk kelima rekan anda Berikan pendapat anda Gambar 5 contoh gerakan pada sendi yang dilengkapi dengan syarat dari lever Tentukan levernya masing-masing
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Force Analysis
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Devided into 2 components

1. 2.

Fv = Force Vertical Fh = Force Horizontal

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Fv = F sin Fh = F cos The component force are calculated Compare the value of both component The smallest one, just wasted effort on the part of Physiotherapist

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Lihat gambar
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Resultant
Single vector that result from vector compotition R = (Fv)2 + (Fh)2

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Tugas
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Tes untuk semua derajat pada persendian Berikan beban

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The tibia is the major weightbearing bone in the lower extremity. If 88% of body mass is to the knee joint, how much compressive force acts on each tibia when 600 N person stands in anatomical position? It rises to greater than 3 times body weight during stair climbing and 8 times body weight during squatting activities

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Wt : 600 N Compression Force on knees (Wt). (% S.Weight) Fc on one knee = (Wt).(%.S. Wt)/2 Stair climbing = 3 x Squatting =8x

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Moments
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Defined as the turning force resulting

The effective value is a result of being placed at a distance from the centre of motion

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Moment = Force X Distance M = Fd

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Vector
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Physical quantity that possesses both magnitude and direction

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Work
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W = F.d

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Power
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The amount of mechanical work performed in a given time Power = Work/Change of time P = W/t P = F.d/t

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A person runs up a flight of 30 stairs of riser (height) of 25 cm during 15 second period. How much mechanical work is done? How much mechanical power is generated

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Wt ? H? T? Mechanical work ( W = F.d) Mechanical power (P = W/t)

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