JABATAN KERJA RAYA JAJAHAN PASIR MAS

Address : Jabatan Kerja Raya Jajahan Pasir Mas, 17000 Pasir Mas, Kelantan. : 09-7908040

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CHAPTER 1: SITE INVESTIGATION

Aims to get potential value bearing land and identify

types of land for each layer under foundation of construction, land strength of soil and moisture content. Most suitable used to design foundation supply something construction where very important strength of soil factor because all load focused on that land.

SOIL INVESTIGATION SELECTION

Geological condition on site Design site surface Type of information that is needed Cost and time

SOIL TEST WHICH OFTEN CONDUCTED IN MALAYSIA

Mackintosh Probe Wash Boring

SOIL TEST UNDER LABORATORY

Bearing Test California

Size Distribution Analysis Soil Particle

CHAPTER 2: FOUNDATION
Defined as part of building structure which it touch

further to land and also act as lowest part located above those land bear. Built to move basic structure burden such as column, beam, floor etc to land safely.

FOUNDATION FUNCTION
Spread building load so that burden altogether can

be borne by building safely. Prevent building of settle into soil. To seek stable and flat surface for construction works later. Increase building stability with are structure in soils.

FOUNDATION SELECTION FACTORS

Land physical condition Building load (live load and dead load) Economy Nature and kind of building

FOUNDATION TYPES
Pad Foundation
Raft Foundation Band Foundation

Pile Foundation

PILE FOUNDATION
Is reinforcement post which aims support one

building. Knocked and implanted into land and concreted with other reinforcement for building pile cap through starter bar fitted at him. His use main function was to move live load or dead load (his structure is own) into soil uniformly and efficient.

TEST ON PILE (STATIC LOADING TEST)

Made aimed at: Determine maximum liability capacity obtained by pile. Ensure pile knocked acceptable from structure aspect. Determine link between pile depositions with loaded brought. System used was block system kentledge because amounts of

weight hit was double pile work load. Equipment of necessity to test this is: Hydraulic Jack and Pressure Gauge Dial Gauge Levelling Instrument Concrete block

CHAPTER 3: FORMWORK
Was one mould where concrete is poured and

reinforced. To make up concrete is wanted. Is made from woodwork, steel or plastic

FORMWORK INSTALLATION WORKS

Must be built firmly and strong not to curved or

expand when concrete included in its. Must be easy to be opened without damaging or disturb concrete. Must be cleaned fully and should free from wood dust, wood shaving, mud dust or other does not require. Need to be wiped with mould oil that does not leave diacritical concrete, approved prior reinforcement housed.

OPEN FORMWORK
Opened gradually without shaking or shock not to

occurence of damages in structure surface.

Mould Place Timber side Volley to floor Opening Period 4 days 10 days

Volley to timber
Column and wall without load Floor side (volley no come off) Floor which exceeded 3.3m broad Timber bottom

21 days
7 days 4 days 28 days 28 days

Minimum time period for period opening formwork

CHAPTER 4: REINFORCEMENT
Function to bear load tension which acted in

concrete. Concrete tension combination equivalent to 100% of his compressive strength. Reinforcement designed to take forces tension transferred or dispersed through surface bond two that material namely concrete and reinforcement.

Concrete and reinforcement comparison

Characteristic Concrete Steel

Strength

Weak

Good

Compressive strength

Good

Good

Shear strength

Good

Good

Durable

Good

Good

TYPES AND SIZE OF REINFORCEMENT

Usual steel reinforcement size available is from size 10, 12, 16, 20, 25 and 32. Steel length is in standards long form such as 5m or 12m. Hard Mild Steel Known with symbol R'. His outer surface shaped smooth. Used for the construction reinforcement does not experience strong and common load use is as box link or bunk only.

CONTINUE

High Tensile Steel Known with symbol Y'.

His exterior is shaped rough.

Used for construction reinforcement bear load heavier.

Hard Mild Steel

High Tensile Steel

REINFORCEMENT INSTALLATION
Reinforcement set according to engineering drawing

attached for something that building. Reinforcement bars which overlap need to be tied strong with binding wire. All binder wire end should bend into from formwork surface.

CHAPTER 5: CONCRETE
Is additive is made from cement, sand, aggregate

and water follow certain ratio. His advantage was malleable, achieved of natural thing, easy formed according to static will, major protector to reinforcement of rusty and strong from compression aspect.

CONCRETE MATERIALS
Cement Aggregate Water

Additive

CONCRETE CAN BE BLEND BY THREE WAYS

mix by using scoop mix by use machine mixer obtain supplies of factory blend completed

CONCRETE MIXTURE RATIO

Mixture Ratio Grade Use In Structure Reinforced concrete basis, beam concrete land reinforced, strict concrete once, strict concrete column once, concrete column, wall lift, water tank. Strict concrete once, water tank. Reinforced concrete for column and beam. Basis floor. Site in trench and hard ground work.

1:1:2

30

1:1:2 1:2:4 1:3:6 1 : 5 : 10

25 20 15 10

TRANSPORT CONCRETE
Ready mix concrete from factory shall be paid into

concrete lorry. Concrete must be transported as soon as possible from tool blend to which place want is poured with fair way to avoid again casting. For small task, bucket and wheelbarrow used and if possible, mixer tool or ready mix should might be close with building structure to save time transport. ready mix concrete lorry

CASTING CONCRETE
Before concrete is poured into formwork, slump test

and cube test performed first. Concrete should is poured in places is wanted as soon as possible after mix. Should crammed fully by using vibrator device.

COMPACTING CONCRETE
Aims to produce captured air inside concrete without

causing isolation materials. Concrete packing is made by using vibrator device (compacter).

PRESERVE CONCRETE
Needed to assist concrete mix to serve process

hydration. Important because it can avoid this concrete surfaces from facing result rift from top layer dryness concrete. Concrete is preserved with put wet gunny after fresh concrete fairly hard and small areas his surface such as beam and basis. Whereas for wide surface such as slab should moisten with water.

CONCRETE CUBE TEST

Concrete cube made at the site building to seek concrete minimum

strength like those resides within stated specification. Tools of necessity to test this is mould, ram rod, spatula, Preservation Tank and Compressive Machine. Test made using steel mould measuring 150mm x 150mm x 150mm. Concrete is poured in three pretty similar layers thick. Every layer should crammed at least 35 times use ram bar. Concrete accommodated at a suitable place during 24jam before mould being stripped. Concrete cube placed within curing tank to process curing. This process takes time 7, 14 and 21 days. After 7 days, cube take out from curing tank and put concrete cube into Compressive Machine to be tested his compressive strength.

SLUMP TEST
Aimed to ensure concrete having same consistency will

be down with equal distance apart. Cone filled with four concrete layers and every layer has to be stamped as much as 25 times. Then cone need to be pulled on vertically and placed beside concrete formed. Reduction value is differentiation difference between high concrete compared to cone height. Distance permitted was 2inch namely 50mm with concrete state fall true.