Morphology

The study of word formation

Observations

Boldest = bold + est

bold cannot be divided

Boy has a meaning in itself At does not have a meaning, it indicates relationship Serve can be a word, pre- as in preserve cannot Friendliest works, friendestly does not. TV and telly are formed from television

Conclusions
1. words are made up of meaningful units called morphemes 2. lexical morphemes have meaning

And grammatical morphemes do not

3. Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as free morphemes can. 4. There are inflectional and derivational morphemes 5. Languages can create new words freely and systematically.

Morpheme

A minimal unit having more or less constant meaning associated with a more or less constant form. Ex: buyers = {buy} + {er} + {s} Evidence: buy, buying, farmer, driver, boys, dogs, cats..

NOTE: morphemes and syllables are different. See: cats and alligator..how many syllables? And morphemes?

Practice
What does it mean?

{Mc} as in McMuffin, McNuggets {oholic} as in workoholic, chocoholic, foodoholic

Action and package contain two morphemes. What is the evidence? {act} + {ion} and {pack} + {age}

Same look different morpheme .. same morpheme . Different look .

Buyer and shorter. {AG} and {COMP} Boys = {boy} + {PLU} Men = ?

{er}

Walked = {walk} + {PAST} Went = ?

Practice

HOW MANY MORPHEMES? Actor Winter

Forthrightness
Mother-in-law Undo

Aspirin
Best

Lexical or Grammatical?

Restating Strongest Actively

Lexical morphemes have a meaning. Grammatical morphemes express a relationship between Lexical morphemes.

Precede
Disentangled Ran

Women
The

Free or Bound morphemes?

{er} in teachers {cur} in recur, incur, occur {at}, {to} and other prepositions

Free morphemes can stand alone as words. They may be lexical or grammatical: [serve], [press], [at], [and].

{pel} as in repel, compel, impel

Find five words with the bound lexical m. {mit} as in send, go. What about mitten.?

{bio-} and {tele-}: lexical/grammatical. Bound/free. Find five words. What is the meaning of each morpheme.

Bound morphemes cannot stand alone as words. See [clude] as in exclude, include, preclude. They can be grammatical as in [PLU] as in boys, girls, cats.

Inflectional and derivational

Bound morpheme = affix= prefix/suffix Ex. Depress= {de} + {press} helpful= {help} + {ful} men = {man} + {PLU}

8 English Inflectional morphemes

INFLECTION MEANING AL AFFIX ROOT EXAMPLE

{PLU}
{POSS} {COMP} {SUP} {PRES}

Plural
Possessive Comparative Superlative Present

Noun
Noun Adjective Adjective Verb

Boys
Boys Older oldest walks

{PAST}

Past

Verb
Verb Verb

walked
Driven Driving

{PAST PART} Past participle {PRES PART} Present participle

Derivational suffixes

{ize} noun to verb as in: criticize, rubberize, vulcanize, pasteurize, mesmerize Or adjective to verb as in: normalize, finalize, equalize free {ful} adjective to adverb as in : helpful, careful, careful.. {ly} adjective to adverb as in: quickly, carefully, swiftly, mightily.o nouns to adjective: manly

Morpheme

lexical bound

grammatical free
prepositions articles conjunctions

bound

nouns Verbs Adjectives

Inflectional

Derivational

Compress Depress Oppress Repress suppress

Subvert invert convert

at, the, and

Derivational prefixes

{un} as in unhappy, unwary, unassuming, unforgettable. {dis} displeasure, disproportionate, dislike, distrust {a} asymmetrical, asexual, atheist, atypical {anti} anti-American, antiCastro, anti-aircraft

All inflectional affixes are native to English. Many derivational affixes are borrowings from other languages. Ex: {ize}, {dis}, {de}, {re}, {a}. {anti}

Spanish morphemes.

To Muchacha Abuela

Abrir Tu abres Nosotros abrimos

Nieto
Hermana Hermanos Abuelo Nieta Tas Muchacho

la
Las Estan Contando Ellos han contado

Italian morphemes

maestra, maestro, amica, amico matita, matite, pizza, pizze cantare, suonare, ballare io canto, io suono, io ballo ho cantato, ho suonato, ho ballato sto cantando, sto suonando, sto ballando. grandissima, bellissima, piccolissima Cinzietta, Annetta, Marietta zietta, casetta, cenetta

List the morphemes and decide what is their type and their function.

Kurdish morphemes

Aaqil wise Diz robber Drai long Zaanaa wise Garm warm

Aaqilii forethought Dizii robbery Draiii length Zaanaaii erudition Garmii warmth

What is the type, the form, and the function of the affix..?