Dr.K.

Baranidharan
Present by

What are the
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Relations Diagrams
Tree Diagrams
Matrix Diagrams
Arrow Diagrams
Process Decision Program Charts
Matrix Data Analysis
History of the
New Seven Q.C. Tools
- Committee of J.U.S.E. - 1972
- Aim was to develop more QC
techniques with design approach
- Work in conjunction with original Basic
Seven Tools
- New set of methods (N7) - 1977
Slide 1 0f 2
History of the
New Seven Q.C. Tools
- Developed to organize verbal data
diagrammatically.
- Basic 7 tools effective for data analysis,
process control, and quality
improvement (numerical data)
- Used together increases TQM
effectiveness
Slide 2 0f 2
What are the
Basic Seven Q.C. Tools?
Flow Charts
Run Charts
Histograms
Pareto Diagrams
Cause and Effect Diagrams
Scatter Diagrams
Control Charts
Relation Between New Seven
Q.C. Tools and Basic Seven
Tools
FACTS
Data
Numerical Data Verbal Data
Organize
The Seven New Tools
Information
The Basic Seven Tools
Generate Ideas

Formulate plans
Analytical approach
Define problem after
collecting numerical data
Define problem before
collecting numerical data
Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)
Enhanced Capabilities
Generate ideas
Improve planning
Eliminate errors and omissions
Explain problems intelligibly
Secure full cooperation
Persuade powerfully
Benefits of Incorporating
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Organize verbal data
Slide 1 0f 4
Enhanced Keys to Organizational Reform
Clarify the desired situation
Prioritize tasks effectively
Proceed systematically
Anticipate future events
Change proactively
Get things right the first time
Benefits of Incorporating
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Assess situations from various angles
Slide 2 0f 4
Five Objectives of Organizational Reform
which will establish a Culture that:
Gives importance to planning
Stresses the importance of the process
Prioritizes tasks
Encourages everyone to think
systematically
Benefits of Incorporating
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Slide 3 0f 4
Identifies problems
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
For Pinpointing the Problem in a Chaotic
Situation and Generating Solution Strategies
- Gathers large amounts of intertwined
verbal data (ideas, opinions, issues)
- Organizes the data into groups based
on natural relationship
- Makes it feasible for further analysis
and to find a solution to the problem.
Slide 1 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Advantages of Affinity Diagrams
- Facilitates breakthrough thinking and
stimulate fresh ideas
- Permits the problem to be pinned down
accurately
- Ensures everyone clearly recognizes the
problem
- Incorporates opinions of entire group
Slide 2 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Advantages of Affinity Diagrams (cont.)
- Fosters team spirit
- Raises everyones level of awareness
- Spurs to the group into action
Slide 3 0f 7
Topic
Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card
Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card
Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card
Data Card
Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram
Group Method Approach
Slide 4 0f 7
Select a topic
Collect verbal data by brainstorming
Discuss info collected until everyone
understands it thoroughly
Write each item on separate data card
Spread out all cards on table
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram
Group Method Approach (cont.)
Slide 5 0f 7
Move data cards into groups of similar
themes (natural affinity for each other)
Combine statements on data cards to
new Affinity statement
Make new card with Affinity statement
Continue to combine until less than 5
groups
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Constructing an Affinity Diagram
Group Method Approach (cont.)
Slide 6 0f 7
Lay the groups outs, keeping the affinity
clusters together
Next, complete the diagram
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Affinity Diagrams
Completing an Affinity Diagram

Slide 7 0f 7
Topic
Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card
Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card
Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card
Data Card
Affinity Statement
Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card
Data Card Data Card
Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
For Finding Solutions Strategies by Clarifying
Relationships with Complex Interrelated Causes
- Resolves tangled issues by unraveling
the logical connection
- Allows for Multi-directional thinking
rather than linear
- Also known as Interrelationship
diagrams
Slide 1 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Advantages of Relations Diagrams
- Useful at planning stage for obtaining
perspective on overall situation
- Facilitates consensus among team
- Assists to develop and change peoples
thinking
- Enables priorities to be identified
accurately
Slide 2 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Advantages of Relations Diagrams (cont.)
- Makes the problem recognizable by
clarifying the relationships among causes
Slide 3 0f 7
Why doesnt
X happen?
Primary Cause
Primary Cause
Primary Cause
Primary Cause
Tertiary
Cause
Secondary
Cause
Secondary
Cause
Secondary
Cause
Secondary
Cause
Tertiary
Cause
4th level
Cause
Tertiary
Cause
Tertiary
Cause
4th level
Cause
5th level
Cause
6th level
Cause
Tertiary
Cause
Secondary
Cause
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Constructing a Relations Diagram
Group Method Approach
Slide 4 0f 7
Express the problem in form of Why
isnt something happening?
Each member lists 5 causes affecting
problem
Discuss info collected until everyone
understands it thoroughly
Write each item on a card
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Constructing a Relations Diagram
Group Method Approach (cont.)
Slide 5 0f 7
Move cards into similar groups
Asking why, explore the cause-effect
relationships, and divide the cards into
primary, secondary and tertiary causes
Connect all cards by these relationships
Further discuss until all possible causes
have been identified
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Constructing a Relations Diagram
Group Method Approach (cont.)
Slide 6 0f 7
Connect all related groups
Next, complete the diagram
Review whole diagram looking for
relationships among causes
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Relations Diagrams
Completing a Relations Diagram
Slide 7 0f 7
Why doesnt
X happen?
Primary Cause
Primary Cause
Primary Cause
Primary Cause
Tertiary
Cause
Secondary
Cause
Secondary
Cause
Secondary
Cause
Secondary
Cause
Tertiary
Cause
4th level
Cause
Tertiary
Cause
Tertiary
Cause
4th level
Cause
5th level
Cause
6th level
Cause
Tertiary
Cause
Secondary
Cause
Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Tree Diagrams
For Systematically Pursuing the Best Strategies
for Attaining an Objective
- Develops a succession of strategies for
achieving objectives
- Reveals methods to achieve the results.
- Also known as Systematic diagrams or
Dendrograms
Slide 1 0f 5
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Tree Diagrams
Advantages of Tree Diagrams
- Systematic and logical approach is less
likely that items are omitted
- Facilitates agreement among team
- Are extremely convincing with strategies
Slide 2 0f 5
To
Accomplish
Primary means
Constraints
Secondary means
Secondary means
3rd means
3rd means
3rd means
3rd means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
Discuss means of achieving objective
(primary means, first level strategy)
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Tree Diagrams
Constructing a Tree Diagram
Group Method Approach
Slide 3 0f 5
Write Relations Diagram topic (Objective
card)
Identify constraints on how objective
can be achieved
Take each primary mean, write ob-
jective for achieving it (secondary means)
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Tree Diagrams
Constructing an Tree Diagram
Group Method Approach (cont.)
Slide 4 0f 5
Continue to expand to the fourth level
Review each system of means in both
directions (from objective to means and means to
objective)
Add more cards if needed
Connect all levels
Next, complete the diagram
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Tree Diagrams
Completing a Tree Diagram
Slide 5 0f 5
To
Accomplish
3rd means
3rd means
Primary means
3rd means
3rd means
Constraints
Primary means
Secondary means
Secondary means
Secondary means
Secondary means
3rd means
3rd means
3rd means
3rd means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
4th means
Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
For Clarifying Problems by Thinking
Multidimensionally
- Consists of a two-dimensional array to
determine location and nature of
problem
- Discovers key ideas by relationships
represented by the cells in matrix.

Slide 1 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Advantages of Matrix Diagrams
- Enable data on ideas based on extensive
experience
- Clarifies relationships among different
elements
- Makes overall structure of problem
immediately obvious
- Combined from two to four types of
diagrams, location of problem is clearer.
Slide 2 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Advantages of Matrix Diagrams (cont.)
- 5 types: L-shaped, T-shaped, Y-shaped, X-
shaped, and C-shaped
Slide 3 0f 7
O O =1 O =4 Principal
O =2 O X =5 O Subsidiary
=3 X =6
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4th level means
from Tree diagram
O O 1 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O O 1 O
Hold 4 times/month
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O 3 O
At every meeting
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O 2 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O X 5 O
At least 3 times/year/person
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O O 1 O O
4th level means
from Tree diagram
4 O
Evaluation Responsibilities
Remarks
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Constructing a Matrix Diagram
Slide 4 0f 7
Write final-level means from Tree
diagram forming vertical axis
Write in Evaluation categories (efficacy,
practicability, and rank) on horizontal axis.
Write names along horizontal axis
Examine final-level means to identify
whom will implement them
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Constructing a Matrix Diagram (cont.)
Slide 5 0f 7
Label group of columns as Responsibilities
Label right-hand end of horizontal axis
as Remarks
Examine each cell and insert the
appropriate symbol:
Efficacy: O=good, =satisfactory, X=none
Practicability: O=good,=satisfactory, X=none
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Constructing a Matrix Diagram (cont.)
Slide 6 0f 7
Fill out remarks column and record
meanings of symbol
Next, complete the diagram
Examine cells under Responsibility
Columns, insert double-circle for
Principal and single-circle for Subsidiary
Determine score for each combination
of symbols, record in rank column
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Diagrams
Completing a Matrix Diagram
Slide 7 0f 7
O O =1 O =4 Principal
O =2 O X =5 O Subsidiary
=3 X =6
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4th level means
from Tree diagram
O O 1 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O O 1 O
Hold 4 times/month
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O 3 O
At every meeting
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O 2 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O X 5 O
At least 3 times/year/person
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O O 1 O O
4th level means
from Tree diagram
4 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O 2 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O O 1 O
4th level means
from Tree diagram
O O 1 O
Evaluation Responsibilities
Remarks
Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
For Working Out Optimal Schedules and
Controlling Them Effectively
- Shows relationships among tasks
needed to implement a plan
- Network technique using nodes for
events and arrows for activities
- Used in PERT (Program Evaluation and Review
Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method)
Slide 1 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Advantages of Arrow Diagrams
- Allows overall task to viewed and potential
snags to be identified before work starts
- Leads to discovery of possible
improvements
- Makes it easy to monitor progress of work
- Deals promptly with changes to plan
- Improves communication among team
Slide 2 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Advantages of Arrow Diagrams (cont.)
- Promotes understanding and agreement
among group
Slide 3 0f 7
Strategy
1
Constraints
Activity
2
4
3 5 9
6 8
7
10 13
12
11
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Constructing an Arrow Diagram
Slide 4 0f 7
From strategies on Tree diagram, select
one (Objective of Arrow Diagram)
Identify constraints to Objective
Write all essential activities on separate
cards
List all activities necessary to achieving
Objective
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Constructing an Arrow Diagram (cont.)
Slide 5 0f 7
Organize cards in sequential order of
activities
Remove any duplicate activities
Review order of activities, find
sequence with greatest amount of
activities
Arrange parallel activities
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Constructing an Arrow Diagram (cont.)
Slide 6 0f 7
Record names and other necessary
information
Next, complete the diagram
Examine path, number nodes in
sequence from left to right
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Arrow Diagrams
Completing an Arrow Diagram
Slide 7 0f 7
Strategy
1
Constraints
Activity
2
4
3 5 9
6 8
7
10 13
12
11
Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
For Producing the Desired Result from Many
Possible Outcomes
- Used to plan various contingencies
- Used for getting activities back on track
- Steers events in required direction if
unanticipated problems occur
- Finds feasible counter measures to
overcome problems
Slide 1 0f 7
Advantages of Process Decisions Program
Charts (PDPCs)
- Facilitates forecasting
- Uses past to anticipate contingencies
- Enables problems to pinpointed
- Illustrates how events will be directed to
successful conclusion
- Enables those involved to understand
decision-makers intentions
Slide 2 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Advantages of PDPCs (cont.)
- Fosters cooperation and communication in
group
- Easily modified and easily understood
Slide 3 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Start
GOAL
YES YES
NO NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
Constructing a PDPC
Slide 4 0f 7
Select a highly effective, but difficult
strategy from the Tree diagram
Decide on a goal (most desirable outcome)
Identify constraints of objective
Identify existing situation (Starting point)
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
List activities to reach goal and potential
problems with each activity
Constructing an PDPC (cont.)
Slide 5 0f 7
Review list. Add extra activities or
problems not thought of previously
Prepare contingency plan for each step
and review what action is needed if
step is not achieved
Examine carefully to check for
inconsistencies and all important factors
are included
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Constructing an PDPC (cont.)
Slide 6 0f 7
Next, complete the diagram
Examine to make sure all contingency
plans are adequate
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Completing a PDPC
Slide 7 0f 7
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Process Decisions Program
Charts
Start
GOAL
YES YES
NO NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
Source: Nayatani, Y., The Seven New QC Tools (Tokyo, Japan, 3A Corporation, 1984)
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Principal Component Analysis
- Technique quantifies and arranges data
presented in Matrix
- Based solely on numerical data
- Finds indicators that differentiate and
attempt to clarify large amount of
information
Slide 1 0f 6
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Advantages of Principal Component Analysis
- Can be used in various fields (market surveys,
new product planning, process analysis)
- Can be when used when Matrix diagram
does not give sufficient information
- Useful as Prioritization Grid
Slide 2 0f 6
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Constructing a Prioritization Grid
Source: Foster, S., Managing Quality (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001)
Slide 3 0f 6
Determine your goal, your alternatives,
and criteria for decision
Place selection in order of importance
Sum individual ratings to establish
overall ranking (Divide by number of options
for average ranking)
Apply percentage weight to each option
(all weights should add up to 1)
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Constructing a Prioritization Grid (cont.)
Slide 4 0f 6
Rank order each option with respect to
criterion (Average the rankings and apply a
completed ranking)
Multiply weight by associated rank in
Matrix (in example, 4 is best, 1 is worst)
Result is Importance Score
Add up Importance Scores for each
option
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Constructing a Prioritization Grid (cont.)
Slide 5 0f 6
See completed the diagram
Rank order the alternatives according to
importance
Completing a Prioritization Grid
Slide 6 0f 6
New Seven Q.C. Tools
Matrix Data Analysis
Source: Foster, S., Managing Quality (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001)
Cost Reliability
Options
Design A
.30 .20
3 3
.90 .60 3.2 1 (tie)
Design B
.40 .10
4 1
1.6 .10 3.0 2
Design C
.25 .25
2 4
.50 1 2.5 3
Design D
.10 .20
1 3
.10 .60 3.2 1 (tie)
1.05 .75
.26 .19
2 4
Importance
Sum Score
Option
Ranking (least important)
Strength
Importance score
Rank
Percentage weight
Percentage weight
Rank
Importance score
Percentage weight
Rank
Importance score
Percentage weight
Rank
Importance score
Sum of weights
Average weight
Criterion Ranking
Customer Acceptance
(most important)
.40
4
1.6
.30
3
.90
.25
1
.25
0.3
3
.90
1.25
2
.40
.25
.75
.10
1
.10
.20
.95
.24
3
Criteria
.40
4
3
1.6
.31
1
Dr.K.Baranidharan

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