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Cardiac Muscle
Striated
Actin Myosin
Action Potentials
Refractory period
At normal heart rate (72/mnt): Period of systole = 0.4 of entire cycle At 3 times normal heart rate: Period of systole = 0.65 of entire cycle At a very fast heart beat doesnt remain relaxed long enough to allow complete filling.
Calcium:
Excess spastic contraction Deficiency flaccid
Temperature:
Increase increase heart ate Decrease decrease heart rate
End-diastolic volume
Venous return
Frank-Starling Law
Preload, or degree of stretch, of cardiac muscle cells before they contract is the critical factor controlling stroke volume
Frank-Starling Law
Slow heartbeat and exercise increase venous return to the heart, increasing SV Blood loss and extremely rapid heartbeat decrease SV
Figure 14-30
Figure 14-31
Cardio-acceleratory center activates sympathetic neurons Cardio-inhibitory center controls parasympathetic neurons Receives input from higher centers, monitoring blood pressure and dissolved gas concentrations
Figure 14-27
Figure 14-16
Figure 18.23