Business Mathematics: Bba (General)

Amity School of Business
BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

BBA ( GENERAL)
Course Content
Module 1: Co-ordinate Geometry
Module 2: Linear Equations
Module 3: A.P., G.P., Permutations and
Combinations
Module 4: Differentiation
Module 5: Integration
Module 6: Matrices
Module I
INTRODUCTION
Mathematics is an important subject and knowledge
of it enhances a person's reasoning, problem-solving
skills, and in general, the ability to think. Hence it is
important for understanding almost every subject
whether science and technology, medicine, the
economy, or business and finance.

Statistics and probability which are branches of
mathematics are used in everyday business and
economics. Mathematics also form an important
part of accounting, and many accountancy
companies prefer graduates with joint degrees
with mathematics rather than just an accountancy
qualification.
Financial Mathematics and Business Mathematics
form two important branches of mathematics in
today's world and these are direct application of
mathematics to business and economics. Examples
of applied math's such as probability theory and
management science, such as queuing theory, time-
series analysis, linear programming all are vital
math's for business.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
IS

Branch of geometry in which two real
numbers called coordinates are used to
indicate the position of a point in a plane
COORDINATES
An ordered pair of numbers that give the
location of a point on the plane. e.g.: (3,4)

The first number is always x and the second
point is always y
COORDINATE PLANE
It describes a two-dimensional plane in terms
of two perpendicular axes: x and y
The x-axis indicates the horizontal direction
while the y-axis indicates the vertical direction
of the plane. In the coordinate plane, points are
indicated by their positions along the x and y-
axes

COORDINATE POINT

The first number is always the x
and
second number is always the y
e.g. ( x, y)

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
In the coordinate plane, we can use the
pythagorean theorem to find the distance
between two points.
The distance between the two points (x
1
,y
1
)
and (x
2
,y
2
) is :

2
1 2
2
1 2
) ( ) ( y y x x d + =
STRAIGHT LINE
The shortest distance between two points is a
straight line
SLOPE (GRADIENT)
The slope of the line is the number that measures its
steepness usually denoted by the letter m. It is the
change in y for a unit change in x.
e.g.,
In the given figure , for a unit change in x, there is a
rise of in y. So, slope=1/2
The slope is calculated from knowing any two
distinct points on the line, (x
1
, y
1
) and (x
2
, y
2
)

2 1
2 1
y y
x x
Y- INTERCEPT
The y- intercept is where the line intercepts
(meets) the y-axis.
e.g.,
In the above diagram, the line intercepts the y-
axis at (0,1). And so Its y-intercept is equals to
1.

EQUATION OF STRAIGHT LINE
A. Slope-Intercept Form
B. Slope-Point Form
C. Two-Point Form
D. General Form
SPECIAL EQUATIONS

(1) Equation of X-Axis is Y=0
(2) Equation of Y-Axis is X=0
(3) Equation of a line parallel to X-Axis is Y=k
( Here k is a constant)
(4) Equation of a line parallel to Y-Axis is X=k
(Here also k is a constant)

SLOPE-INTERCEPT FORM

Equation of straight line in slope intercept form
is given by
y = mx + c

(x, y) are coordinate of any point on the line, m
is the slope of the line and c is the intercept
or
This tells us that the slope of the line is m and
the y- intercept of the line is c
e.g.,
The line y = 2x + 4 has slope m = 2 and
y-intercept c = 4

SLOPE-POINT FORM

The equation of a straight line having a slope
m and passing through the point (x
1
,

y
1
) is,
y-y
1
= m ( x x
1
)

TWO-POINT FORM

The equation of a straight line passing through
two points and
is given by,
) (
1 , 1
y x ) , (
2 2
y x
GENERAL FORM

It should be noted that all the different standard
forms of the equation of a straight line can be
reduced to the form
Ax+By+C = 0 (Its slope = -(A/B))
where A, B and C are constants with A and B
not both zero
This equation is known as the General Form of a
straight line.
SECTION FORMULA

INTERNAL DIVISION:
Coordinates of the point P (x, y) which divides
the line segment joining the points A (x
1
, y
1
)
and B (x
2
, y
2
), internally, in the ratio m:n are

n m
ny my
y and
n m
nx mx
x
+
+
=
+
+
=
1 2 1 2

EXTERNAL DIVISION:
Coordinates of the point R (x, y) which divides
the line segment joining the points A (x
1
, y
1
)
and B (x
2
, y
2
), externally, in the ratio m
1
: m
2

are

2 1 2 1
mx nx my ny
x and y
m n m n

= =

PARALLELISM &PERPENDICULARITY
In a coordinate plane, suppose that Straight lines l
1
and
l
2
have slopes m
1
and m
2
respectively. Let their
inclinations be and respectively.
If the line l
1
is parallel to l
2
, then their inclinations are
equal, i.e.,
= , and hence, tan = tan
Therefore m
1
= m
2
, i.e., their slopes are equal
Conversely, if the slope of two lines l
1
and l
2

is same, i.e., m
1
= m
2

Then tan = tan .Therefore, the lines are parallel.

If, two Straight lines are perpendicular to each
other if and only if their slopes are negative
reciprocals of each other,
i.e.,

or, m
1
m
2
= 1
2
1
1
m
m
=
EXAMPLE:
One line passes through the points (1,2) and (1,2);
another line passes through the points (2, 0) and (0,
4). Are these lines parallel, perpendicular, or neither?
Solution:

Since these two lines have identical slopes, then
these lines are parallel
INTERSECTING LINES
1 1 1
2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Let the Points be,
0
0
Then the Point of intersection is given by,
,
a x b y c
a x b y c
b c c b c a a c
a b b a a b b a
+ + =
+ + =
| |

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