Golongan Darah

Drg. Erna Sulistyani, M. Kes.

Penggolongan darah

A total of 30 human blood group systems are now recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT) Over 600 different blood group antigens have been found, but many of these are very rare or are mainly found in certain ethnic groups.

ABO SYSTEM

The most important blood group system in human blood transfusion. The associated anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are usually "Immunoglobulin M", ABO IgM antibodies are produced in the first years of life by sensitization to environmental substances such as food, bacteria and viruses which express these A-like and B-like antigens, . The "O" in ABO is often called "0" (zero/null) in other languages.

Blood type (or blood group) is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells.

Antigen pada permukaan sel darah merah

ABO blood group system - diagram showing the carbohydrate chains which determine the ABO blood group

Blood Type is genetic

The A and B antigen are produced by enzymes. These two enzymes are encoded by different versions, or alleles, of the same gene: A and B. A third version of this gene, the O allele, codes for a protein that is not functional and does not produce surface molecules. Two copies of the gene are inherited, one from each parent.

Rh type

Golongan darah Rh berdasar ada tidaknya protein Rh. Lambang

positive + (has the Rh protein) or negative - (no Rh protein).

Contoh : A positive (A +), has both type A and Rh proteins on the surface of their red blood cells.

WHEN BLOOD TYPES MIX

If the donor blood cells have surface molecules that are different from those of the recipient, antibodies in the recipients blood recognize the donor blood as foreign. This triggers an immune response resulting in blood clotting. People with type O blood are universal donors because there are no molecules on the surface of the red blood cells that can trigger an immune response. People with type AB blood are universal recipients because they do not have any antibodies that will recognize type A or B surface molecules.

Bombay blood group

Dilambangkan juga dengan hh TIdak mempunyai H antigen (fucosa) yang merupakan percusor pembentukan antigen A dan B. Diturunkan secara resesif. As a result, they cannot make A antigen (also called "substance A") or B antigen (also called "substance B") on their red blood cells, whatever alleles they may have of the A and B blood-group genes, because A antigen and B antigen are made from H antigen.

Hh antigen system - diagram showing the molecular structure of the ABO(H) antigen system

The usual tests for ABO blood group system would show them as group O, unless the hospital worker involved has the means and the thought to test for Bombay group. This blood phenotype was first discovered in Bombay, now known as Mumbai, in India, by Dr. Y.M. Bhende

As a result, people who have Bombay phenotype can donate to any member of the ABO blood group system (unless some other blood factor gene, such as Rhesus, is incompatible), but they cannot receive any member of the ABO blood group system's blood (which always contains one or more of A and B and H antigens), but only from other people who have Bombay phenotype.