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Darleen Opfer
Ask one or two grand tour questions followed by no more than five to seven sub-questions. The question format is related to specific qualitative methodologies. Begin the question with the words what or how. Tell the reader that the study will do one of the following: Discover (grounded theory) Explain or seek to understand (ethnography) Explore a process (case study) Describe the experiences (phenomenology) Pose questions that use non-directional wording. Expect the research questions to evolve and change during the study. Use open ended questions without reference to the literature unless dictated by a specific qualitative design. Use a single focus and specify the site in the research questions.
Ethnography example:
How are conceptions of social studies played out or not played out in classroom practice?
How is the setting organized? What kind of interpersonal dynamics exist? What activities occur in each setting? What information, opinions, and beliefs are exchanged among participants?
Null Literary There is no relationship between support services and academic persistence of nontraditional-aged college women.
Alternative The more that nontraditional-aged college women use support services, the more they will persist academically. The more hours that nontraditional-aged college women use the student union, the more they will persist at the college after their freshman year.
Operational There is no relationship between the number of hours nontraditionalaged college women use the student union and their persistence at the college after their freshman year.
Examples of repeated phrasing and variable order in hypotheses 1. There is no relationship between the use of ancillary support services and academic persistence of nontraditional-aged college women. 2. There is no relationship between family support systems and academic persistence of nontraditional-aged college women.