PARADIGMS IN NURSING RESEARCH

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR NURSING RESEARCH

Increased focus on outcomes research Outcomes research is designed to assess and document the effectiveness of health care services. Increased focus on bio physiologic research. Promotion of evidence-based practice Development of a stronger knowledge base through multiple, confirmatory strategies

Strengthening of multidisciplinary collaboration

Expanded dissemination of research findings Increasing the visibility of nursing research

PARADIGM
is a world view, a general perspective on the complexities of the real world. Paradigms for human inquiry are often characterized in terms of the ways in which they respond to basic philosophical questions: Ontologic: What is the nature of reality?

Epistemologic: What is the relationship between the inquirer and that being
studied Axiologic: What is the role of values in the inquiry?

Methodologic: Howshould the inquirer obtain knowledge

PARADIGMS
Positivism is a reflection of a broader cultural phenomenon that, in the humanities ,is referred to as modernism there is a reality out there that can be studied and known Naturalism

is an outgrowth of the pervasive cultural transformation that is usually referred to as postmodernism

reality is not a fixed entity but rather a construction of the individuals participating in the research

Quantitative Research
Based on the concepts of manipulation and control of phenomena and the verification of results, using empirical data gathered through the senses

Qualitative Research
Focuses in gaining insight and understanding about an individuals perception of events.

COMPARISON OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative
Subjective data Discovery

Quantitative
Objective data Explanation Parts are equal to the whole One truth Large sample sizes Subjects Results presented Researcher separate from the study

Whole is greater than the parts

Multiple truths Small sample sizes

Results presented as narrative data

Researcher part of the study

STEP IN RESEARCH PROCESS

Quantitative
Identify the problem Determine the purpose of the study Review of Literature Develop a theoretical and conceptual framework Identify the study assumptions Acknowledge the Limitations of the study

Qualitative
Identify the Phenomenon to the study

Select Research Designs

Review the Related Literature Select the Sample Gain entry to the research site Protect the Rights of Participants

 Formulate the hypothesis or Research questions Define the study variables/terms Select the Research design Identify the population Select the sample Conduct a sample study Collect the data

Collect the data

Analyze the data

Communicate the study results

Organize the data for analysis

Analyze the data Interpret the findings Communicate the findings Utilize the findings

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

SOURCES
Use of Library Primary and Secondary Sources examples of primary sources include; Advances in Nursing Science, Nursing Science quarterly, Research in Nursing and Health, Western Journal of Nursing Research, World view on Evidenced Based Nursing. Clinical Journals and others

 PRINT SOUCES

Indexes- contains reference materials on periodicals and some books

examples are: Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Heath Literature (CINAHL)- ON LINE source is index medicus available though MEDLINE Nursing Studies Index (NSI), prepared by Yale University School of Nursing under the direction of Virginia Henderson ABSTRACT Nursing Research Abstracts

Psychological Abstracts
Dissertation Abstracts International Masters Abstract International (MAI)

ELECTRONIC SOURCES
Online Catalogs through Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) CD-ROMsOnline Bibliographic Databases

CNAHL plus with full text- database available though Libraries, full text are available for 300 journals.
Registry for Nursing Research Medline Plus Old Medline Cochrane Database of systematic reviews ERIC data base- worlds largest source of educational information, sponsored by Institute of Educational Sciences (IES) of the U.S Department of Education

Free online Journals/ Magazines

Imprint ( magazines for nursing students) www.nsna.org
Internet Journal of Advanced Nursing Practice www.ispub.com/ostia/index.php xmlFilePath=journals/ijanp/front.xml Journal of undergraduate Nursing Scholarship juns.nursing.Arizona.edu

Online Journal of Nursing Informatics

NurseWeek

www.eaa-knowledge.com

www.nurseweek.com

 Start by listing the authors last name and first initials, followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Provide the title of the article, but only capitalize the first letter of the title. Next, list the journal or periodical and volume number in italics. Finally, provide the page numbers where the article can be found. For example:

Author, I. N. (Year). Title of the article.Title of the Journal or Periodical, volume number, page numbers.
or Smith, L. V. (2000). Referencing articles in APA format. APA Format Weekly, 34, 4-10.

 Magazine Articles: The structure for an article appearing in a magazine is similar to that of a journal article. However, the publication date should also include the month and day of publication. For example: James, S. A. (2001, June 7). Magazine articles in APA format. Newsweek, 20, 48-52. Newspaper Articles: References for newspaper articles follow the basic structure, but use the initials p. or pp. to denote page numbers.

For example:
Tensky, J. A. (2004, January 5). How to cite newspaper articles. The New York Times, pp. 4D, 5D.

 Articles with More Than Seven Authors: When an article has seven or fewer authors, you need to include the last names and first initials of each author in your references. In cases where they are seven or more authors, you should include the first six followed by an ellipsis and the final authors name. For example: Jones, H., Smith, P., Kingly, R., Plathford, R. H., Florin, S., Breckherst, P., . . . Lightlen, P. S. (2012). How to reference an article with more than seven authors. APA Format Today, 17, 35-36. Articles With No Author If an article does not cite any authors, then start by giving the title of the article, followed by the publication date, source, and URL if you accessed the article electronically. For example: Scientists seek source of creativity. (2012, March, 6). Dayton County News.Retrieved from http://www.daytoncountynews.com/news/39756_39275.html