Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Learning Outcomes
Summarize the individual components of a computer network Describe the three main network topologies Explain the difference between the three main forms of network access methods Summarize the difference between guided media and unguided media Explain how a network operating system works List the transmitting and receiving devices used in a computer network Describe the function of TCP/IP Summarize the use of a VPN
2
Introduction
introduces the concept of computer networks
Computer network (or network) - a group of two or more computer systems linked together using wires or radio waves over a geographical area Computer networks that do not use physical wires are called wireless
retrieve it from, a central location on the network Combines the power and capabilities of diverse equipment providing a collaborative medium to combine the skills of different people, regardless of physical location Enables people to share information and ideas easily
Networking Basics
Networks are assembled according to certain
rules: Each cabling strand can only support a certain amount of network traffic, etc Topology - the actual physical organization of the computer devices including connections Bandwidth - indicates how much information can be carried in a given time period over a wired or wireless communications link
elements:
connected is referred to as the network topology Network topologies are further subdivided into two categories:
Physical Topologies
the actual physical organization of the computers on the network and its connections
Bus topology - all devices are connected to a central
cable Star topology - all devices are connected to a hub Ring topology - all devices are connected to one another in a closed loop Tree topology - combines the characteristics of the bus and star topologies Wireless topology - all devices are connected by a receiver/transmitter to a special network interface card that transmits signals between a computer and a server; all within an acceptable transmission range
10
Physical Topologies
12
Token Ring
Token ring network - a LAN in which all
computers are connected in a ring or star topology and a token-passing schema is used in order to prevent the collision of data between two computers that want to send messages at the same time
Second most widely used protocol on local area
networks
Data transfer rates of either 4 or 16 megabits per
second
13
Ethernet
Ethernet is the most widely installed LAN access
1980s, Ethernet supported a maximum data rate of 10 megabits per second (Mbps)
Fast Ethernet standards have extended
16
Networking Hardware
To be sent from one location to another, a signal
between a signal transmitter and a signal receiver is called the transmission medium
Network transmission media - the various types of media used to carry the signal between computers Two types of transmission media: Guided and Unguided
18
Guided media
Transmissions material manufactured so that signals
will be confined to a narrow path and will behave predictably Three common types of guided media are: twistedpair wiring, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable
19
Twisted-Pair Wiring
a type of cable composed of four (or more) copper wires twisted around each other within a plastic sheath
The wires are twisted to reduce outside
electrical interference
The RJ-45 connectors on twisted-pair cables
20
Coaxial Cable
cable that can carry a wide range of frequencies with low signal loss Consists of a metallic shield with a single wire placed along the center of a shield and isolated from the shield by an insulator Two different types Thinnet coaxial cable - similar to the cable used by cable television companies Thicknet coaxial cable - similar to thinnet except that it is larger in diameter
21
technology associated with the transmission of information as light impulses along a glass or plastic wire or fiber
Optical fiber cable can transmit data over
22
Cable Summary
Unguided Media
Unguided media - natural parts of the
Earths environment that can be used as physical paths to carry electrical signals
Examples include microwaves, infrared light
24
Modems
Repeaters Wiring
transmitters
Infrared and laser
transmitters
Cellular transmitters
Wireless LAN
transmitters
and gateways
25
Network Adapters
Network adapter - the hardware installed in
26
Modems
Modems - provide the means to transmit digital
computer data typically over ordinary telephone lines The transmitting modem converts the encoded data signal to an audible signal and transmits it A modem connected at the other end of the line receives the audible signal and converts it back into a digital signal for the receiving computer Modems are commonly used for inexpensive communications between a network and geographically isolated computers
27
Repeaters
used to increase the distance over which a network signal can be propagated
28
switches have built-in signal repeating capability to perform signal repair and retransmission
29
Bridges and routers - generally used to connect networks that use similar protocols Gateways used to connect networks that use dissimilar protocols; examples includes TCP/IP and IPX
30
31
microwave systems: they use the atmosphere and outer space as transmission media
They require a line-of-sight transmission path
32
Cellular Transmitters
Cellular transmitters - radio transmissions and
therefore have the advantage of being able to penetrate solid objects A cellular base station at the center of each cell contains:
34
Two categories:
Client-server Peer-to-peer
35
Client-Server Networks
a versatile, message-based, and modular infrastructure that is intended to improve usability, flexibility, interoperability, and scalability as compared to centralized, mainframe computing
36
to mainframes, the server performs the bulk of the processing, and the client presents the interface
Thin clients are usually devoid of floppy
drives, expansion slots, and hard disks; consequently, the box or central processing unit is much smaller than that of a conventional PC
37
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Enable networked computers to function as both servers and workstations
38
Internet Technology
The worlds largest computer network
39
TCP/IP
TCP/IP - a group, or suite, of networking
protocols used to connect computers on the Internet Two main protocols in the suite are: TCP provides transport functions, ensuring, among other things, that the amount of data received is the same as the amount transmitted The IP part of TCP/IP provides the addressing and routing mechanism
40
downloaded off or uploaded onto a network Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) - TCP/IPs own messaging system for e-mail Telnet protocol - provides terminal emulation Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) - allows Web browsers and servers to send and receive Web pages Simple Network Management Protocol (SNTP) allows the management of networked nodes to be managed from a single point
41
environment
Information is managed through Web sites on
protected from outside access, that allows an organization to provide access to information and application software to only its employees
Extranet - a private network that uses the
Internet protocol and the public telecommunication system to securely share part of a business's information or operations with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or other businesses
44
cost WAN backbone to transport data between two or more geographically separate sites
Advantages that a VPN has over a dedicated-line
WAN:
The cost of implementation No need to lay cable or lease dedicated lines between the remote sites needing to connect
Businesses can network remote offices into one large WAN and provide access to the Internet
45