COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

MODULATION
A large number of information sources are analog sources such as speech, images, and videos. The transmission of an analog signal is either by modulation of the amplitude, the phase, or the frequency of a carrier wave.

MODULATION
Modulation is the process of putting information onto a high frequency carrier for transmission. In this process baseband signal is used to modify some parameters (amplitude, frequency or phase) of the high carrier signal. For radio signal to carry audio or other information for broadcasting or for two way radio communication, it must be modulated or changed in some way.

WHY USE MODULATION?

Carrying one signal on another -uses carrier Modulated carrier transmitted Problems with transmitting baseband signals Antennas design difficult (too large) at low frequencies

Noise and interference at low frequencies

Cant share with others

WHY USE MODULATION?

Easier to transmit carrier at higher frequency Can choose convenient frequency Antennas can be smaller May be useful propagation effects Fractional bandwidth much smaller Antennas and other components easier to design Can have many frequency channels

TYPES OF MODULATION
Sine wave (carrier) described by 3 parameters: amplitude, frequency and phase. v(t) = A sin (t + ) So can have Amplitude modulation (AM) Frequency modulation (FM) Phase modulation (PM) FM and PM closely related

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
The process of impressing or superimposing a low frequency signal ( audio, video, data ect.) on a high carrier frequency to alter or change the amplitude of the high frequency carrier is called AMPLITUDE MODULATION or Information signal (intelligence) causes the amplitude of the carrier to vary in time, in proportion to the instantaneous magnitude of their sum.

Block Diagram of Modulation Process

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
When a carrier is modulated in any way, further signals are created that carry the actual modulation information. when a carrier is amplitude modulated, further signals are generated above and below the main carrier as shown below

AMPLITUDE MODULATION

AMPLITUDE MODULATION
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF AM WAVE

AMPLITUDE MODULATION The process of modulating a carrier is exactly the same as mixing two signals together, and as a result both sum and difference frequencies are produced

Full AM wave

Frequency description of full AM wave

The AM wave consist of:

A component of carrier frequency, fc An upper sideband (USB), whose highest frequency component is at fc + fm A lower sideband (LSB), whose highest frequency component is at fc fm The bandwidth of the modulated waveform is twice the information signal bandwidth Where there are two sidebands in the frequency spectrum, USB and LSB, and it is called as Doublesided band (DSB).

AM Wave With Suppressed Carrier

But the carrier component in full AM or DSB does not convey any information The carrier may be removed or suppressed during the modulation process to attain a higher power efficiency, hence Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation.

AM Wave With Suppressed Carrier

AM Wave With Suppressed Carrier

AM Wave With Suppressed Carrier

From the above analysis, the frequency spectrum of AM waveform DSB-SC: No component of carrier frequency, fc An upper sideband (USB), whose highest frequency component is at fc + fm A lower sideband (LSB), whose highest frequency component is at fc fm

AM Wave With Suppressed Carrier

The bandwidth is twice the modulating signal bandwidth Because of the two sidebands in the frequency spectrum without carrier frequency, thus it is often called Double Sideband with Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC)