Академический Документы
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Культура Документы
Outline
1.1 Evolution of computers.
1.2 Computer Hardware 1.2.1 Motherboard 1.2.2 Microprocessor 1.2.3 Memory 1.2.4 Input Devices 1.3 Computer Software 1.3.1 Operating System 1.4 Introduction to office packages. 1.5 Introduction to computer viruses.
Course Assessment
Test Test #1 - 10% Test #2 - 10%
Finance
IT
Travel
Manufact.
Why Computers?
How we did manage without them? Computers are now an accepted part of everyday life Household and mobile appliances Powerful communication medium Becoming embedded in our infrastructures Etc.
IT
COMPUTERS
Computer Evolution
Computer History
Man from centuries ago used a physical unit or sets of units to represent numbers or quantities. A number or a quantity can be represented by a physical thing, using different mediums: Pebbles Vacuum Tube Marks on paper Transistors Integrated Circuits
Computer History
Difference between Engine & Analytical Engine Charles Babbage: Inventor and mathematician Proposed a machine that would solve the equations better by calculating the differences between them 1830: full scale working version was built with British grant -ve: vulnerable to smallest imperfections Proposed analytical engine which embodied the features of modern computers (i.e. input, storage, processor, control unit, output) Known as the Father of Computer
Computer History
Ada, Countess mathematician of Lovelace, also a
Helped develop the instructions for doing computations on the analytical engine
Known as the worlds first computer programmer
Computer History
Herman Holleriths tabulating machine was used for 1890 United States census Hand done tabulation in 1880 census which took more than 7 years only took 6 weeks for counting process with his machine
1896- founded the successful Tabulating Machine Co., which then known as IBM Corp. in 1924
Used electrical rather than Babbages mechanical power
An electronic device that can accept data (input), process the input to useful information (process) according to a set of instructions, store the instructions and the results of processing (storage), and produce the information (output).
Data Info
Input
Process
Output
Storage
I/O Devices
- general term for devices that send computers information from the outside world and that return the results of computations -These results can either be viewed directly by a user, or they can be sent to another machine, whose control has been assigned to that machine -Input devices: h/w components that allow data and instructions to be entered into a computer -Output devices: h/w components that convey information to people - Example: data entered on the keyboard and temporarily stored in the computers memory and displayed on the monitor
System Unit
- contains the electronic circuits that cause the processing of data to occur - electronic circuits are connected to a circuit board Motherboard
Processor
Interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate the computer
Motherboard
Memory
Store instructions waiting to be executed and data needed by those instructions
System Unit
Output Device
Information
COMPUTER HARDWARE
Motherboard
Backbone of the computer
Circuit board that connects all parts of computer together CPU, memory, hard drive, optical drive, video/graphic card, sound card, and other expansion cards and ports Popular manufacturer: Asus, Intel, ABIT, AOpen, Biostar, MSI, Gigabyte.
Motherboard
BIOS Parallel & serial port CPU Socket USB Port PCI Slots PS/2 Port Power Connector AGP Slot
ISA Slots
Memory Socket
Battery
Motherboard
Inside Computers
2. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) - arithmetic operations e.g. +, -, x, / - logic operations (comparison) e.g. >, >=, ==, <, <=
Data
Input Device
Memory
Data Instructions
Output Device
Information
Processor
- CU fetches instructions from memory - CU decodes/translates instructions into sequence of tasks, Directs necessary data to ALU
- ALU executes arithmetic/logic instruction - Given control and performs the actual operation on the data -ALU stores results into memory or register
Calculation
Register: small, high speed storage locations resides in the processor. Functions: store location where the instruction was fetched store instruction while CU decodes it store the result of calculation.
Instruction 1
Instruction 2
Memory
Electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions and store information (processed data). Stores : i. OS & other system software ii. Application programs iii. Data being processed by the application programs Storage unit : Byte Memory size: KB, MB, GB, TB
Memory Types
Random Access Memory (RAM) - volatile: it loses contents when power is removed from the computer.
ROM
Memory chips that store permanent data and instruction Read-only : data cannot be modified
Flash Memory
Non-volatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten similar to EEPROM
CMOS
CMOS(complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) Used in todays memory chips. Provides high speeds and consumes little power. Flash memory chips that store computer startup instructions use CMOS technology.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
What is Software?
Series of instructions that tells computer what and how to do the operation.
Onion-skin diagram
Programs designed to assist users with their personal tasks to be more productive
System Software
System software that allows users to perform maintenance-type tasks
Operating System
Utility Program
A set of programs that control and supervise a computer systems hardware and application programs
Operating System
WHY OS?
To manage the hardware for efficient utilization of computer resources & supports application To provide interface between a user/an application program with the hardware
OS Tasks
Computer Startup
Monitoring performance
User Interface
Network& Security
Manage Programs
Utilities
2. BIOS executes a series of tests to ensure the computer hardware is connected and operating properly. It generates an error message (by messages or beeps) if any components are found faulty. 3. Once the POST has successfully completed, the BIOS will begin to activate the computer's disk drives- finds the first piece of the operating system: the bootstrap loader - load the supervisor program into the computers memory booting
4. Once the supervisor control program in memory, the system displays the prompt sign (C:\>), indicating that it is ready to work
Categories of OS
Operating System
Network
Early Windows Server versions (Win NT Server, Win 2000 Server) Windows Server 2003 UNIX Linux
Stand-Alone
DOS Early Windows versions (Win 3.x, 95, NT, 98, 2000 pro., ME) Windows XP Windows Vista Mac OS X UNIX Linux
Embedded
Windows CE Windows Mobile Palm OS Embedded Linux Symbian OS
Utility Programs
File Manager Disk Scanner Image Viewer
Disk Defragmenter
Personal Firewall
Application Software
E-mail FTP Web Browser Newsgroup Chat room IM Blogging
Business
Word Processing Spreadsheet Database Presentation Graphics Project Management Accounting Etc.
Communications
Editing (image, sound, video, photo) Multimedia Authoring Educational Entertainment etc
MS-DOS contd
Using DOS prompt to get command from user Examples for DOS operation
DOS version/prompt type Modify date/time
MS-DOS Screenshot
Input Devices
What is input? What are input devices?
INPUT
Input Devices
Text Input Devices Keyboard Readers Image, Video Input Devices Audio Input Devices
Pointing Devices
Computer mouse Trackball (or rollerball) Joystick & Wheel Touch screen Trackpoint (or Pointing stick) Touchpad Light pen Stylus, digital pen
Microphone (speech recognition) Digital audio recorder Electronic piano keyboard Finger print scanner Face recognition Hand geometry Signature verification Iris recognition Smart card reader
Biometric Devices
Output Devices
What is output?
Text
Video
OUTPUT CATEGORIES
Audio
Graphics
Data projectors
Display Devices
As with television, several different hardware technologies exist for displaying computer-generated output: Cathode ray tube (CRT) Liquid crystal display (LCD). (LCD-based monitors can receive television and computer protocols (SVGA, PAL, SCAM; NTSC)) Plasma display Surface-conduction electron-emitter display (SED)
Video projector
Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display.
CRT Monitor
The cathode ray tube or CRT is the display device that was traditionally used in most computer displays, video monitors, televisions, radar displays and oscilloscopes. Was used in all television sets until the late 20th century and the advent of plasma screens, LCD TVs, DLP, OLED displays, and other technologies.
As a result of CRT technology, television continues to be referred to as "The Tube" well into the 21st century, even when referring to non-CRT sets
LCD Monitor
A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up of any number of color or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of a light source or reflector Uses very small amounts of electric power, and is therefore suitable for use in batterypowered electronic devices In color LCDs, each individual pixel is divided into three cells, or subpixels, which are colored red, green, and blue, respectively, by additional filters. Each subpixel can be controlled independently to yield thousands or millions of possible colors for each pixel
Printer
Printer Impact
-use a physical contact with the paper to produce an image -e.g. dot matrix printer and line printer
Non Impact
-Place images on a paper without physically touching it (striking) -e.g. thermal, inkjet, laser printer, plotters, photo printers, largeformat printers
Secondary Storage
WHY? Main memory stores data temporarily Main memory space is limited Storage Device vs Storage Media
Magnetic Disk
There are three main classes for magnetic disk:-
- floppy disk (or flexible disk) a 5.25 diskette which can store information from 360 KB (DD) to 1.2 MB (HD)
- microdisk - a 3.5diskette which can store from 720 (DD) KB to 1.44 MB (HD) - harddisk has a bigger capacity to store data, up to GBs, consists of layers of disks, one on the other within a sealed enclosure
Magnetic Disk
A hard disk internal view.
Magnetic Disk
Iomega provides removable disk storage in its range of Products e.g. Zip and Jazz
Magnetic Tape
-stores large volume of data as backup, typically in a mainframe environment -many forms of magnetic tape, e.g. tape reel and data cartridge tape
-the storing and retrieving of data is using magnetize (1) to store and demagnetize (0) to retrieve data
Optical disk
- Used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. - CD: A standard playback format for commercial audio recordings today - provides direct access storage at a lower cost than magnetic disk - including optical laser disks, optical cards and optical tape
CD-RW CDROM
DVD-RW DVDROM
Microsoft Excel
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet software used for storing, organizing and manipulating data. Data can be entered into spreadsheet rows and columns, or "cells," which can be formatted in various fonts or colors; the data in the spreadsheet can then be converted into graphs for analysis. Microsoft Excel also includes formulas and functions, used to calculate variables in the data.
Microsoft Excel..cont
Some functions are complex, whereas others are used for simple calculation (adding, subtracting, multiplying or dividing) of several cell values. Microsoft Excel is also used in finance to automatically calculate variables such as profit, loss or expenditure.
Microsoft PowerPoint
Microsoft PowerPoint is used to create multimedia presentations and slide shows. Like Microsoft Word, it also includes tools to format text and incorporates design features used in Microsoft Publisher (e.g., built-in design templates, multimedia libraries). Presentations can be created on Microsoft PowerPoint using slide transitions to make presentations more interesting, sound clips, images, animations or video clips.
COMPUTER VIRUSES
What Is..
Data security:
The means of ensuring that data is kept safe from corruption and that access to it is suitably controlled.
Thus data security helps to ensure privacy and helps in protecting personal data.
Malware is software designed to infiltrate or damage a computer system without the owner's informed consent. It is a shortened combination of the words malicious and software.
Computer virus, worm, Trojan horse, spyware, adware, rootkit. MyDoom, Blaster, Melissa, Y2K, etc. open infected files run infected programs boot pc with infected storage media attached connect unprotected pc to a network
Computer Virus
self-replicating computer program that spreads by inserting copies of itself into other executable code or documents. A computer virus behaves in a way similar to a biological virus, which spreads by inserting itself into living cells. Extending the analogy, the insertion of a virus into the program is termed as an "infection", and the infected file, or executable code that is not part of a file, is called a "host". Viruses are one of the several types of malicious software or malware.
Computer Virus
The characteristics of a computer virus :
1. A set of instructions
2. Deliberately created 3. Actively propagates 4. Infects other programs 5. Able to do harm 6. Able to evolve
- a program being made to disrupt or interfere other programs - purposely created or by itself - reproducing itself - contaminate or polluting different types of programs - can cause damage to others - developing, growing and changing in programs or systems
1. Creates garbage in the computer system that takes up space in the hard disk and into the diskettes
2. Messing up files in their normal standard and altering some of the files 3. Messing up the FAT (File Allocation Table) which contains information of where are the other data's stored on your disk 4. Messing up the boot sector that can restrict your computer from being able to execute at all
Antivirus Program
To detect infection
To prevent against data loss caused by system failure or hardware, software, human and environment.
Storage Media