Alisha Korpal Amandeep Singh Kalsi Kirandeep Kaur

Overview
Introduction

History
Components Technologies Conclusion

Introduction
A touch screen is a display that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area.
Touch screen can also sense other passive objects such as stylus.

History
Touch screens emerged from academic and corporate research labs In 1971, the first "Touch Sensor" was developed by Doctor Sam Hurst while he was an instructor at the University of Kentucky.

Contd
This sensor, called the Elograph. Touch screens first gained some visibility with the invention of the computer-assisted learning terminal, which came out in 1975 as part of the PLATO project.

Components
A basic touch screen has three main components

Touch sensor Controller Software driver

Touch sensor

A touch screen sensor is a clear glass panel with a touch responsive area. The touch sensor is placed over a display screen so that the responsive area of the panel covers the viewable area of the screen.

Controller

The controller connects between the touch sensor and the PC. Take information from the touch sensor and translate it into information that PC can understand.

Software Driver
The driver allow the touch screen and computer to work together This makes touching the screen as same as clicking the your mouse at the same location on the screen.

Technologies
Resistive Surface Acoustic Wave Capacitive Infrared Optical Imaging

Resistive Touch Screen

Structure
Resistive touch screens consist of a glass or acrylic panel that is coated with electrically conductive and resistive layers made with indium tin oxide (ITO) .The thin layers are separated by invisible spacers.

4-Wire Resistive Touch Screen

Characteristics of RTS
Cost effective solutions Activated by a stylus, a finger or gloved hand

Not affected by dirt, dust, water, or light

75%~ 85% clarify

Resistive layers can be damaged by a

very sharp object

SAW Touch Screen

Surface waves are readily absorbed when a soft object such as a fingertip touches the substrate. SAW Touch Screen use pure glass with transmitting and receiving X and Y axes. piezoelectric transducers for both the The touch screen controller sends an electrical signal to the transmitting transducer, which converts the signal into ultrasonic waves within the glass. When you touch the screen, you absorb a portion of the wave traveling across it. The received signal is then compared to the stored digital map, the change recognized, and a coordinate calculate.

SAW Touch Screen

Characteristics of SAW Touch Screen

Durable glass construction High optical clarity Activated by a finger, gloved hand or soft tip Not completely sealable, can be affected by large amounts of dirt, dust, and / or water in the environment

Projected-Capacitive Touch Screen

Projected capacitive touch screens have front and back protective glass providing optical and strength enhancement options. Its middle layer consists of a laminated sensor grid of micro-fine wires, and optical enhancement options.

During a touch, capacitance forms between the finger and the sensor grid. The embedded serial controller in the touch screen calculates touch location coordinates and transmits them to the computer for processing.

Surface-Capacitive Touch Screen Structure

Surface capacitive technology consists of a uniform conductive coating on a glass panel. Electrodes around the panels edge evenly distribute a low voltage across the conductive layer, creating a uniform electric field.

A human body is an electric conductor, so when you touch the screen with a finger, a slight amount of current is drawn, creating a voltage drop. The current respectively drifts to the electrodes on the four corners. Theoretically, the amount of current that drifts through the four electrodes should be proportional to the distance from the touch point to the four corners. The controller precisely calculates the proportion of the current passed through the four electrodes and figures out the X/Y coordinate of a touch point.

Characteristics of Capacitive Touch Screen

Durable and resistant to scratches for demanding applications Faster and more responsive Superior optical clarity, brighter display and less surface reflection Must be touched by finger, will not work with any non-conductive input

Infrared Touch Screen

An infrared touch screen uses an array of X-Y infrared LED and photo detector pairs around the edges of the screen to detect a disruption in the pattern of LED beams.

Characteristics of Infrared Touch Screen

Clear as glass, improves reading ability
Most durable surface

Optical imaging
In this two or more image sensors are placed around the edges of the screen. A touch shows up as a shadow and each pair of cameras can then be pinpointed to locate the touch.

Comparison

Conclusion
Designers are trying to use touch screen to simplify input commands Today , touch screen has becomes adopted by computers users of all abilities because it is simple, fast and innovative. In future there is no usage of mouse and keyboards as they will be replaced by touch screen.