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Environmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs) for urban and domestic water use efficiency
Delft University of Technology production of the presentation: Dr. Aad F. Correlje, Faculty of Technology, Policy & Management Dr. Ing. Thorsten Schuetze, Faculty of Architecture Dr. Sybrand P. Tjallingii, Faculty of Architecture Dr. Maki Ryu, Faculty of Architecture UNEP DTIE IETC coordination: Vicente Santiago
every drop counts
target group
1. Introduction
focus
Water use efficiency in urban and domestic environments Other water issues (e.g. flooding, drainage, irrigation) only if relevant Urban includes all concentrated settlements Efficient use of ESTs Efficient is: optimizing the balance between demand and safe and sufficient supply Efficient and fit : technologies that fit in with sustainable perspectives for the local situation
1. Introduction
presentation Summary of the sourcebook Questions for decision making in your own case
WiseWater Calculating the effects of water saving technologies (ESTs) versus conventional technologies
every drop counts
1. Introduction
[Sourcebook Chapter 2]
economy
institutions
The challenge is to achieve an appropriate 'fit' between the 'hard' technical and physical characteristics, the economics of ESTs and the institutional environment that facilitates their selection, construction and operation.
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2. Backgrounds Policies
National, or regional governmental bodies. Local actors: agencies for water management, municipalities, water supply corporations, sewerage operators, public health policy makers, housing corporations, project developers, financing parties. Construction companies and equipment suppliers. The users of the water systems, domestic households in owned and rented houses, small and medium size enterprises, and the citizens living in the areas. 2. Backgrounds Policies
Embeddedness
What does it imply ? Institutional environment Formal rules of the game, Policies ? property, water laws, Project development ? bureaucracy Implementation ? Governance Operation ? All these activities have to be considered in the context of the four layers of the institutional framework.
Play of the game, contracting, aligning governance structures with transactions
2. Backgrounds Policies
2. Backgrounds Policies
2. Backgrounds Policies
2. Backgrounds Policies
2. Backgrounds Policies
Recommendations:
2. Backgrounds Policies
Public participation: practical experience of what works and what does not. Planning is learning.
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2. Backgrounds Policies
2. Backgrounds Policies
[Sourcebook Chapter 3]
technology (EST) produces high results (sufficient water for households, farming, industry, health) with low efforts (money, time, resources, human energy). Technologies can also be more or less efficient in saving water. Calculating efficiency is very helpful for making decisions. But it is not the only criterion. The Bissau case serves as an illustration:
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2. Backgrounds Criteria
poor sanitation
new watertaps
2. Backgrounds Criteria
2. Backgrounds Criteria
PLANET
(ecological) sustainable is:
PEOPLE
(social)
- participation - fair sharing - gender
PROSPERITY
(economic)
- profit and development
guiding principles
guiding models
2. Backgrounds Criteria
Discussion
2. Backgrounds Criteria
use maintenance
efficiency
realization detailed design
starting document
fit
strategic plan
2. Backgrounds Criteria
2. Backgrounds Criteria
2. Backgrounds Criteria
3. ESTs Intro
3. ESTs Storage
3. ESTs Storage
3. ESTs Storage
3. ESTs Storage
The use of effluent for recharging groundwater is possible. Soil Aquifer Treatment technology prevents pollution by pathogens, nutrients and other contaminants.
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3. ESTs Storage
Over-exploitation and pollution of aquifers is a threat. Invisible impacts are hard to restore.
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3. ESTs Storage
3. ESTs Supply
3. ESTs Supply
A problem of central piped network supply, is the use of drinking water quality for non drinking purposes. In dual networks service water quality has its own network. Wrong connections can be avoided by different colours for different pipes. Dual systems at the building level only, avoid city networks. Buildings should have a reliable technical department for maintenance and quality control. Rainwater or treated greywater can be used as service water. Sizable tanks can cope with fluctuations in demand and supply. 3. ESTs Supply
In a situation of centrally collected drinking water from rivers or groundwater (boreholes), good quality water can be delivered by trucks to static tanks, from where people can take water home in bottles or small containers.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Supply
If drinking water of reliable quality is not available, proper treatment at the user level is an option.
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3. ESTs Supply
3. ESTs Supply
3. ESTs Use
Waterless toilets
Waterless toilets need neither water nor sewers. They work on the basis of dehydration and composting. The resulting compost can be applied to the fields in urban agriculture. The right degree of humidity is crucial. They are often combined with urine separation. Vertical ventilation pipes guarantee odour free operation. Compost toilets require more space and need more maintenance. Simple dry toilets are easier to use and cheaper. They need to be emptied every week.
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3. ESTs Use
Drinking, cleaning, bathing, washing, toilet flushing. Combined water saving appliances lead to 43% savings in liter per person per day.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Use
3. ESTs Use
This is not only a matter of technology but also of life style, water squandering practices in private and public buildings and in public open space.
Change asks for a carrot and stick approach: tax incentives and levies, demonstration projects
3. ESTs Use
3. ESTs Reuse
3. ESTs Reuse
3. ESTs Reuse
3. ESTs Reuse
Small scale aerobic (>compost) or anaerobic technology (>methane + slurry) are feasible. These innovative ESTs require careful and skilful guidance. For example joint projects of users with researchers and practitioners in a learning by doing context.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Reuse
Constructed wetlands
Stabilisation ponds and constructed wetlands are a low-cost alternative for the treatment of domestic wastewater. They provide water for irrigation in urban agriculture and for watering green spaces. Detention and retention ponds, lined up with reeds and other wetland plants, perform well in purifying run-off rainwater from quite streets. More polluted water requires constructed wetlands designed for horizontal or vertical flow, filtering, adsorption and uptake of nutrients. Good design and maintenance are vital.
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3. ESTs Reuse
3. ESTs Reuse
Under an integrated water resource management perspective, the choice of reuse, recycling and safe disposal options follows these priorities: 1. Pollution prevention goes first. Roof-top rainwater and water from wells should retain drinking water quality. 2. In urban situations with an existing piped network, on-site rainwater and grey water treatment for service water should have priority in quality management strategy. 3. Reuse and recycle should have priority in wastewater treatment both at a centralized and decentralized level.
every drop counts
3. ESTs Reuse
[Sourcebook Chapter 5]
4. Integration
Village model
development stage
Traditional simple systems, self organisation, minor role for central government.
Preferably ESTs based on groundwater, supported by traditional rainwater based ESTs. First option is water supply by wells. Residents take water home in small containers. Demand is usually < 30 liter per person per day. First options for sanitation are dry toilets and improved pit latrines to avoid groundwater contamination. Grey-water gardens or soil aquifer treatment for waste water discharge. Compost for agriculture.
4. Integration
Preferably ESTs based on groundwater or river. Central supply by trucks to static tanks. Residents take water home in small containers. Demand is usually < 30 liter per person per day. First trench latrines followed by improved pit latrines and dry toilets to avoid groundwater contamination. Starting with simple soakaways for waste water. Followed by grey-water treatment ESTs.
4. Integration
supply
use
in river. Promotion of rainwater harvesting ESTs. Piped water network that supplies collective tap stands, Quality control by agency. Introduction of dry toilets and compost collecting system. Support for rainwater use in households. Grey water treatment with irrigation and soil aquifer treatment.
4. Integration
City model
development stage Existing medium to large cities,
important role for government agencies, few collective and individual user based systems.
promising EST combinations: storage Groundwater recharge, small dams in rivers. If big supply use
dam exists, alternatives reduce dependency. Strong promotion of rainwater harvesting ESTs. Full piped network. Priority for leakage control. Promotion of water saving toilets and water saving appliances. Water sensitive urban design to create conditions for run-off use for watering parks and gardens. Improving centralised wastewater treatment. Reuse of effluent and sludge in agriculture. Reuse of treated wastewater in watering green spaces.
4. Integration
4. Integration
5. Questions
Workshop questions
EVALUATION
initiative
efficiency
fit
strategic plan
combination ?
5. Questions