LECTURE 4 PLANT BIOLOGY GENERAL MYCOLOGY August 30, 2001

CLASSIFICATION
& SOME PROTISTS FORMERLY ALIGNED WITH FUNGI

WHY CLASSIFY FUNGI?

TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION

Artificial

Phylogenetic

All classification systems are based on attributes or features (phenotype & genotype) of the organisms. We call these attributes characters.

For each character (attribute) there are two or more states. We call these character states.

CLASSIFICATION
Character states are used to construct phylogenies among groups of organisms. A phylogeny is an hypothesis of evolutionary relationships. Phylogenies are often presented as phylogenetic trees.

CLASSIFICATION
Not all trees reflect phylogenetic relationships. Some based on distance methods indicate only overall similarity.

CLADISTICS
Trees based on maximum parsimony (cladistic) methods are considered to reflect evolutionary relationships. Cladistic methods result in trees that are based on shared, derived character states.

PHYLOGENETIC TREES
Monophyletic group - an ancestor species and all its descendents. Polyphyletic group - species that do not share a common ancestor.

Hypomyces chrysospermus 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 80 100 100 100 100 100 Phaeonectriella lignicola Nimbospora effusa Halosarpheia retorquens Lignincola laevis U46873 Nais inornata Aniptodera chesapeakensis Lignincola laevis A169-1A Ceriosporopsis halima Corollospora maritima Halosphaeriopsis mediosetigera Halosarpheia spartinae Nereiospora comata Microascus cirrosus Microascus trigonosporus Ceratocystis virescens 100 100 100 75 100 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Lulw orthia fucicola Lindra thalassiae Lulw orthia sp.A218-1C Lulw orthia sp.A202-2A Sordaria fimicola Chaetomium elatum Neurospora crassa Podospora anserina Ascovaginospora stellipala Ophiostoma ulmi Ophiostoma piliferum 100 Ophioceras leptosporum Ophioceras commune Ophioceras arcuatisporum Gaeumannomyces graminis Pseudohalonectria falcata Pseudohalonectria lignicola Leucostoma persoonii Cryphonectria parasitica Xylaria hypoxlon Hypoxylon atroroseum Porpidia crustulata

THE TREE OF LIFE PROJECT

http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/life.html

====== Eubacteria ("True bacteria", mitochondria, and chloroplasts) | =====|||||| Archaea (Methanogens, Halophiles, Sulfolobus, and relatives) | ====== Eukaryotes (Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals, etc.) ?=== Viruses
The rooting of the Tree of Life, and the relationships of the major lineages, are controversial. The monophyly of Archaea is uncertain, and recent evidence for ancient lateral transfers of genes indicates that a highly complex model is needed to adequately represent the phylogenetic relationships among the major lineages of Life. We hope to provide a comprehensive discussion of these issues on this page soon. For the time being, please refer to the papers listed in the References section.

=== Animals (Metazoa) ===| | === Collar-flagellates (choanoflagellates) ====opisthokonts==| | | === Fungi | ===| | ?= Microsporidia | |======================= Alveolates (dinoflagellates, ciliates, apicomplexa) <<===| |======================= Stramenopiles (diatoms, chrysophytes, brown algae, opalines, other algae & protozoa) | |======================= Rhodophyta (red algae) | |======================= Green plants (= Viridaeplantae: green algae (including prasinophytes), higher plants) | |||||||||||||||||||||||| The other protists (cryptomonads, euglenids, glaucophytes, etc.)

KINGDOM FUNGI

========= Chytridiomycota (water molds, Allomyces, etc.) | <<===|======== Zygomycota (bread molds, Rhizopus, Mucor, etc.) | | === Basidiomycota (mushrooms, rusts, smuts, etc.) ======| === Ascomycota (sac fungi, yeast, Penicillium, etc.) Phylogeny from Bruns et al. 1991, 1993

FUNGI SENSU LATU

Kingdom

Fungi Kingdom Protoctista Kingdom? Stramenopila

FUNGAL SPECIES
Morphological species concept (based on overall phenetic similarity) Biological species concept (based on reproductive isolation) Phylogenetic species concept (groups of individuals having a shared geneological relationship determined by phylogenetic analysis)

NOMENCLATURE
PHYLUM = mycota SUBPHYLUM = mycotina CLASS = mycetes SUBCLASS = mycetidae ORDER = ales FAMILY = aceae

NOMENCLATURE

Kingdom - Fungi Phylum - Ascomycota Class - Pyrenomycetes Order - Xylariales Family - Xylariaceae Genus - Xylaria (plural = genera) Species - polymorpha

SLIME MOLDS

CELLULAR SLIME MOLDS

Dictyosteliomycota (dictyostelids) Found in dung, soil, decaying mushrooms and decaying plant material Minute in size and fruiting bodies are ephemeral

STRUCTURE OF DICTYOSTELIDS
Amoeboid microscopic bacterial-feeding phase An intermediary aggregation phase (pseudoplasmodium) A multicellular sorocarp and sporeproducing phase visible to the unaided eye

DICTYOSTELIUM
Very important as a tool to study differentiation At least 10+ labs work with various aspects of the biology of this organism Simplicity of the organism as well as the ability to produce the developmental stages easily are advantageous

MYXOMYCOTA
Plasmodial slime molds Primarily organisms of the forest floor but may be found in soil in most habitats, on bark, on banana peels, etc.