Mechanics of Solids Introduction

Prof. TVK Bhanuprakash

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

External Loads. A body is subjected to only two types of external loads; namely, surface forces and body forces

Support Reactions

Internal Resultant Loadings

Normal force, N

This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is developed whenever the external
loads tend to push or pull on the two segments of the body. Shear force, V

The shear force lies in the plane of the area and it is developed when the
external loads tend to cause the two segments of the body to slide over one another. Torsional moment or torque, T This effect is developed when the external loads tend to twist one segment of the body with respect to the other about an axis perpendicular to the area. Bending moment, M The bending moment is caused by the external loads that tend to bend the body about an axis lying within the plane of the area.

Coplanar Loadings

Example 1 Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the cantilevered beam shown

Example 2 Determine the resultant internal loadings acting on the cross section at C of the machine shaft shown. The shaft is supported by journal bearings at A and B, which only exert vertical forces on the shaft.

F1-1 Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment at point C in the beam.

F1-6 Determine the internal normal force, shear force, and bending moment at point C in the beam.

Stress

Units.
Since stress represents a force per unit area, SI units for both normal and shear stress are specified in the basic units of Newton per square meter

This unit, called a pascal is rather small, and in engineering work prefixes such as kilo- symbolized by k, mega- symbolized by M, or giga- symbolized by G, are used to represent larger, more realistic values of stress.

Homogeneous and Isotropic

Uniaxial State of Stress

Example 6 A bar has a constant width of 35 mm and a thickness of 10 mm. Determine the maximum average normal stress in the bar when it is subjected to the loading shown.

The 80-kg lamp is supported by two rods AB and BC as shown. If AB has a diameter of 10 mm and BC has a diameter of 8 mm, determine the average normal stress in each rod.

Stresses on Inclined Planes

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Repeated for convenience

1. Maximum normal stress is P/A, and it acts on the cross

section of the bar (that is, on the plane q = 0). 2. The shear stress is zero when q = 0, as would be expected.

3. The maximum shear stress is P/2A, which acts on the

planes inclined at q = 45o to the cross section.
In summary, an axial load causes not only normal stress but also shear stress. The magnitudes of both stresses depend on the orientation of the plane on which they act.

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Stresses acting on two mutually perpendicular inclined sections of a bar.

By Substituting q=q+90o, we get stresses on a plane perpendicular to q plane

Stresses acting on mutually perpendicular, or complementary planes, they are called complementary stresses.
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The shear stresses that act on complementary planes have the same magnitude but opposite sense.

1. The design of axially loaded bars is usually based on the maximum normal stress in the bar. 2. This stress is commonly called simply the normal stress and denoted by s.

3. The design criterion thus is that s = P/A must not exceed the working stress
of the material from which the bar is to be fabricated. 4. The working stress, also called the allowable stress, is the largest value of stress that can be safely carried by the material. 5. Working stress, denoted by sw, will be discussed more fully later

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Shear Stress
1.
2.

Shear stress is tangent to the plane on which it acts.

Shear stress arises whenever the applied loads cause one section of a body to slide past its adjacent section.

3.
4. 5.

The two plates that are joined by a rivet.

From FBD, the rivet must carry the shear force V. Because only one cross section of the rivet resists the shear, the rivet is said to be in single shear.

Shear Stress (Contd)

1. The bolt of the clevis carries the load P across two cross-sectional areas, the shear force being V = P/2 on each cross section. 2. Therefore, the bolt is said to be in a state of double shear.

Shear Force (contd)

1. A circular slug is being punched out of a metal sheet.

2. Here the shear force is P and the shear area is similar to the
milled edge of a coin. 3. The loads are sometimes referred to as direct shear to distinguish them from the induced shear.

Average Shear Stress

Induced Shear (Fig Redrawn for clarity)

Pure Shear

All four shear stresses must have equal magnitude and be directed either toward or away from each other at opposite edges of the element This is referred to as the complementary property of shear

Example 2 If the wood joint has a width of 150 mm, determine the average shear stress developed along shear planes aa and bb.

Example 1.12 The inclined member is subjected to a compressive force of 600 lb. Determine the average compressive stress along the smooth areas of contact defined by AB and BC, and the average shear stress along the horizontal plane defined by DB

Exercise 1-50 The block is subjected to a compressive force of 2 kN. Determine the average normal and average shear stress developed in the wood fibers that are oriented along section a a at 30 with the axis of the block.

174. The lever is attached to the shaft A using a key that has a width d and length of 25 mm. If the shaft is fixed and a vertical force of 200 N is applied perpendicular to the handle, determine the dimension d if the allowable shear stress for the key is tallow = 35 MPa.

175. The joint is fastened together using two bolts. Determine the required diameter of the bolts if the failure shear stress for the bolts is 350 Mpa. Use a factor of safety for shear of F.S. = 2.5.

Bearing Stress 1. If two bodies are pressed against each other, compressive forces are developed on the area of contact.

2. The pressure caused by these surface loads is called bearing stress.

3. Examples of bearing stress are the soil pressure beneath a pier and the contact pressure between a rivet and the side of its hole.

4. If the bearing stress is large enough, it can locally crush the

material, which in turn can lead to more serious problems. 5. To reduce bearing stresses, engineers sometimes employ bearing plates, so that the contact forces are distributed over a larger area.

Bearing Stress (Contd)

1. Consider the lap joint formed by the two plates that are riveted
together as shown. 2. The bearing stress caused by the rivet is not constant; it actually varies from zero at the sides of the hole to a maximum behind the rivet.

Bearing Stress (Contd) 1. The difficulty is avoided by assuming that the bearing stress sb is uniformly distributed over a reduced area. 2. The reduced area Ab is taken to be the projected area of rivet 3. From FBD bearing force Pb = P 4. The bearing stress becomes

Example 1 (Shear and Bearing Stress) The lap joint is fastened by four rivets of 3/4-in. diameter. Find the maximum load P that can be applied if the working stresses are 14 ksi for shear in the rivet and 18 ksi for bearing in the plate. Assume that the

applied load is distributed evenly among the four rivets, and neglect friction
between the plates.

Solution: (FBD of Lower plate is drawn)

We see that the equilibrium condition is V =P/4.

Given problem

Design for Shear Stress in Rivets

The value of P that would cause the shear stress in the rivets to reach its
working value is found as follows:

Design for Bearing Stress in Plate 1. The shear force V=P/4 that acts on the cross section of one rivet is equal to the bearing force Pb due to the contact between the rivet and the plate.

2. The value of P that would cause the bearing stress to equal its working
value is computed from

Comparing, the maximum safe load P that can be applied to the lap joint is P = 24 700 lb, with the shear stress in the rivets being the governing design criterion.

Example 2: (Normal and Bearing Stresses) The shaft is subjected to the axial force of 40 kN. Determine the average bearing stress acting on the collar C and the normal stress in the shaft

Solution:

2 A s = (0.03) = 0.225 10 3 m2 4 2 A b = (0.04) = 0.4 10 3 m2 4

P = 82.5 kN

P = 72.5 kN (Controls!)

Example 3: (Bearing Stress) The assembly consists of three disks A, B, and C that are used to support the load of 140 kN. Determine the smallest diameter of the top disk, the diameter within the support space, and the diameter of the hole in the bottom disk. The

allowable bearing stress for the material is (sallow)b = 350 Mpa, and allowable
shear stress is tallow = 125 MPa.

Solution

Allowable Stress

In some cases, such as columns, the applied load is not linearly related to stress and therefore only the first equation can be used to determine the factor of safety.

Simple Connections
Ex 1.14 The suspender rod is supported at its end by a fixed-connected circular disk. If the rod passes through a 40-mm-diameter hole, determine the minimum required diameter of the rod and the minimum thickness of the disk needed to support the 20-kN load. The allowable normal stress for the rod is 35 Mpa and the allowable shear stress for the disk is 60 MPa,

Diameter of the rod

Thickness of the disk

F118. Determine the maximum average shear stress developed in the 30-mm-diameter pin.

Total force = 50 kN. Double shear . So Stress = 50/(2*pi*r2)

F122. The pin is made of a material having a failure shear stress of 100 MPa . Determine the minimum required diameter of the pin to the nearest mm. Apply a factor of safety of F.S. = 2.5 against shear failure.

Exercise 1-101
The 200-mm-diameter aluminum cylinder supports a compressive load of 300 kN. Determine the average normal and shear stress acting on section aa.